Observed variables	Indicator code	Observed indicator content	Reference
Teaching quality (TQ)	TQ1	The teaching content is effectively connected	Kassab et al. [84]
	TQ2	There are clear teaching objectives and tasks
	TQ3	A comprehensive teaching evaluation can be conducted
	TQ4	The course schedule is appropriate and reasonable
Learning motivation (LM)	LM1	My interest in course learning has increased	Law et al. [85]
	LM2	I want to further improve my abilities
	LM3	I want to learn more professional knowledge
	LM4	I want to increase communication with teachers and classmates during learning
Learning attitude (LA)	LA1	I believe that AI-assisted teaching helps me stay more focused in class	Afacan and Muhametjanova [86]
	LA2	I enjoy courses that use AI-assisted teaching
	LA3	I think this is a great way of learning
External environment (EE)	EE1	I am familiar with and proficient in using learning platforms and tools	Camilleri & Camilleri [87]; Wahyuni et al. [88]
	EE2	I can effectively utilize the learning resources provided by AI-assisted teaching
	EE3	I can adapt to the learning environment of AI-assisted teaching
Learning satisfaction (LS)	LS1	I am overall satisfied with AI-assisted teaching	Lin and Wang [89]
	LS2	I am satisfied with the way knowledge is presented in AI-assisted teaching
	LS3	I am satisfied with the learning outcomes of the AI-assisted teaching course
Learning outcomes(LO)	LO1	AI-assisted teaching has enriched my learning style	Wang et al. [90]
	LO2	I am able to fully understand the content I have learned
	LO3	I am very familiar with the course content
	LO4	I am confident in handling exams