Table 3.
Adjusted means and change scores on the sleep diary variables according to group and time.
| Time or Change | Mean (SE), by Time and Change Scores | Effect of Time | Comparison Between Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBT | CT | BT | F(2,189)a | Effect | F(2,185)b | Post Hocc | |
| Sleep onset latency (in min) | |||||||
| t1 (Pre) | 28.73 (3.23) | 41.61 (4.87) | 28.73 (4.87) | cond/t1 | 2.99, P = .05 | ||
| t2 (Post) | 13.94 (2.62) | 19.33 (2.58) | 13.46 (2.00) | cond/t2 | 1.82, P = .16 | ||
| t3 (6FU) | 13.13 (2.29) | 20.27 (2.59) | 13.94 (2.02) | cond/t3 | 2.55, P = .08 | ||
| Change t1–t2 (ES) | −14.79*** (−1.02) | −22.28*** (−1.54) | −14.64*** (−1.01) | 68.72 P < .001 Padj <.001 | cond/t1–t2 | 1.15, P = .32, Padj = .73 | |
| Change t1–t3 (ES) | −15.60*** (−1.08) | −21.34*** (−1.48) | −14.17*** (−0.98) | 63.04 P < .001 Padj < .001 | cond/t1–t3 | 0.85, P = .43, Padj = .73 | |
| Change t2–t3 (ES) | −0.81 ns (−0.06) | 0.94 ns (0.07) | 0.48 ns (0.03) | 0.02 P = .88 Padj = .88 | cond/t2–t3 | 0.19, P = .83, Padj = .83 | |
| Wake after sleep onset (in min) | |||||||
| t1 (Pre) | 67.70 (5.98) | 77.48 (9.56) | 65.61 (7.40) | cond/t1 | 0.51, P = .60 | ||
| t2 (Post) | 23.57 (2.84) | 43.02 (6.48) | 23.30 (2.84) | cond/t2 | 4.10, P = .02 | CT > CBT | |
| t3 (6FU) | 28.73 (5.16) | 46.19 (6.37) | 30.75 (5.52) | cond/t3 | 2.54, P = .08 | ||
| Change t1–t2 (ES) | −44.13*** (−1.57) | −34.46*** (−1.23) | −42.31*** (−1.50) | 105.27 P < .001 Padj <.001 | cond/t1–t2 | 0.52, P = .59, Padj = .83 | |
| Change t1–t3 (ES) | −38.97*** (−1.39) | −31.29** (−1.11) | −34.86*** (−1.24) | 65.61 P < .001 Padj < .001 | cond/t1–t3 | 0.24, P = .79, Padj = .83 | |
| Change t2–t3 (ES) | 5.16 ns (0.18) | 3.17 ns (0.11) | 7.46 ns (0.27) | 3.53 P = .06 Padj = .08 | cond/t2–t3 | 0.19, P = .83, Padj = .83 | |
| Total sleep time (in min) | |||||||
| t1 (Pre) | 286.24 (12.52) | 298.82 (12.60) | 311.84 (13.01) | cond/t1 | 1.25, P = .29 | ||
| t2 (Post) | 346.59 (9.95) | 366.63 (10.74) | 357.05 (13.92) | cond/t2 | 0.94, P = .39 | ||
| t3 (6FU) | 368.55 (10.70) | 372.85 (11.31) | 385.98 (12.35) | cond/t3 | 0.59, P = .55 | ||
| Change t1–t2 (ES) | 60.35*** (1.24) | 67.81*** (1.39) | 42.21** (0.86) | 40.96 P < .001 Padj <.001 | cond/t1–t2 | 0.96, P = .38, Padj = .73 | |
| Change t1–t3 (ES) | 82.30*** (1.68) | 74.04*** (1.52) | 71.14*** (1.46) | 126.56 P < .001 Padj <.001 | cond/t1–t3 | 0.29, P = .75, Padj = .83 | |
| Change t2–t3 (ES) | 21.95* (0.45) | 6.22 ns (0.13) | 28.93* (0.59) | 12.89 P = .0004 Padj <.001 | cond/t2–t3 | 0.82, P = .44, Padj = .73 | |
| Total time in bed (in min) | |||||||
| t1 (Pre) | 469.80 (7.58) | 487.33 (8.51) | 453.37 (8.59) | cond/t1 | 3.70, P = .02 | CT > BT | |
| t2 (Post) | 407.42 (9.43) | 473.36 (9.34) | 419.22 (8.76) | cond/t2 | 14.10, P = .00 | CT > BT = CBT | |
| t3 (6FU) | 448.96 (8.21) | 485.54 (8.72) | 455.55 (9.30) | cond/t3 | 5.14, P = .01 | CT > CBT | |
| Change t1–t2 (ES) | −62.38*** (−1.79) | −13.97 ns (−0.40) | −34.14** (−0.98) | 49.84 P < .001 Padj <.001 | cond/t1–t2 | 7.05, P = .00, Padj = .01 | CBT > CT |
| Change t1–t3 (ES) | −20.83 * (−0.60) | −1.78 ns (−0.05) | 2.17 ns (0.06) | 2.43 P = .12 Padj = .14 | cond/t1–t3 | 2.33, P = .10, Padj =.37 | |
| Change t2–t3 (ES) | 41.54*** (1.20) | 12.18 ns (0.35) | 36.32** (1.05) | 31.92 P < .001 Padj < .001 | cond/t2–t3 | 3.35, P = .03, Padj =.18 | |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | |||||||
| t1 (Pre) | 67.32 (2.11) | 66.22 (2.49) | 73.21 (2.19) | cond/t1 | 2.68, P = .07 | ||
| t2 (Post) | 86.91 (1.38) | 81.15 (1.73) | 86.09 (2.03) | cond/t2 | 3.59, P = .03 | CBT > CT | |
| t3 (6FU) | 85.88 (1.46) | 80.84 (1.93) | 86.64 (1.58) | cond/t3 | 3.02, P = .05 | ||
| Change t1–t2 (ES) | 19.58*** (2.22) | 14.92*** (1.69) | 12.88*** (1.46) | 150.31 P < .001 Padj < .001 | cond/t1–t2 | 2.09, P = .03, Padj = .18 | |
| Change t1–t3 (ES) | 18.56*** (2.11) | 14.62*** (1.66) | 13.42*** (1.52) | 153.26 P < .001 Padj < .001 | cond/t1–t3 | 1.59, P = .20, Padj = .62 | |
| Change t2–t3 (ES) | −1.02 ns (−0.12) | −0.30 ns (−0.03) | 0.54 ns (0.06) | 0.07 P = .80 Padj = .85 | cond/t2–t3 | 0.25, P = .77, Padj = .83 | |
*P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .0001. aP values for all effects of time (n = 15) were adjusted using Benjamini-Hochberg correction. bP values for all group-by-time interactions (n = 15) were adjusted using Benjamini-Hochberg correction. cPost-hoc comparisons adjusted using Bonferroni adjustment (n = 3). 6FU = 6-month follow-up, ES = effect size, ns = nonsignificant, SE = standard error.