Table 1.
Baseline characteristics across CTI categories
| Total | Q1 (≤ 7.384) | Q2 (7.384–8.026) | Q3 (8.026–8.627) | Q4 (> 8.627) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 10,718 | 2,678 | 2,684 | 2,678 | 2,678 | |
| Age, years, mean (SE) | 44.84 (0.28) | 39.09 (0.40) | 44.93 (0.41) | 47.62 (0.43) | 48.83 (0.37) | < 0.001 |
| Gender, female, n (%) | 5469 (51.27) | 1437 (55.54) | 1282 (47.03) | 1338 (49.76) | 1412 (52.44) | < 0.001 |
| Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 5221 (70.65) | 1283 (69.00) | 1346 (71.32) | 1287 (69.93) | 1305 (72.65) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1975 (10.71) | 668 (13.83) | 510 (10.79) | 450 (9.75) | 347 (7.82) | |
| Mexican American | 2315 (8.09) | 411 (6.32) | 522 (7.54) | 640 (9.35) | 742 (9.53) | |
| Other | 1207 (10.55) | 316 (10.86) | 306 (10.35) | 301 (10.97) | 284 (9.99) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.02 | |||||
| Not married or living with a partner | 3937 (33.63) | 1066 (36.67) | 985 (34.39) | 931 (31.87) | 955 (33.70) | |
| Married or living with a partner | 6618 (64.49) | 1579 (63.33) | 1657 (65.61) | 1712 (68.13) | 1670 (66.30) | |
| Education level, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Less than high school | 3073 (18.08) | 559 (13.48) | 736 (17.89) | 833 (19.18) | 945 (22.87) | |
| High school or equivalent | 2531 (25.04) | 578 (21.36) | 634 (24.30) | 659 (27.68) | 660 (27.76) | |
| College or above | 5099 (56.74) | 1540 (65.17) | 1310 (57.81) | 1183 (53.13) | 1066 (49.37) | |
| Family poverty-income ratio, mean (SE) | 3.08 (0.03) | 3.19 (0.05) | 3.16 (0.04) | 3.04 (0.04) | 2.89 (0.05) | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SE) | 28.26 (0.09) | 24.39 (0.10) | 27.33 (0.13) | 29.92 (0.14) | 32.38 (0.16) | < 0.001 |
| HEI-2015, mean (SE) | 49.69 (0.26) | 50.99 (0.43) | 49.77 (0.42) | 49.51 (0.34) | 48.23 (0.37) | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity, MET-min/week | 2333.00 (79.96) | 2358.01 (123.69) | 2587.48 (140.50) | 2229.11 (107.20) | 2097.52 (112.54) | 0.02 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Never | 5781 (52.79) | 1627 (59.07) | 1461 (54.11) | 1406 (51.15) | 1287 (45.59) | |
| Current | 2323 (23.15) | 536 (21.04) | 584 (23.57) | 558 (22.05) | 645 (26.50) | |
| Former | 2603 (23.96) | 512 (19.89) | 636 (22.32) | 713 (26.80) | 742 (27.91) | |
| Alcohol use, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Never | 1367 (10.65) | 315 (10.91) | 307 (10.14) | 347 (10.88) | 398 (13.23) | |
| Current | 6864 (69.47) | 1864 (78.60) | 1791 (74.96) | 1666 (71.70) | 1543 (66.52) | |
| Former | 1841 (14.69) | 319 (10.49) | 422 (14.90) | 505 (17.42) | 595 (20.25) | |
|
Glucose, mmol/L, mean (SE) |
5.66 (0.02) | 5.17 (0.02) | 5.42 (0.02) | 5.63 (0.02) | 6.57 (0.06) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, %, mean (SE) | 5.47 (0.01) | 5.21 (0.01) | 5.33 (0.01) | 5.47 (0.01) | 5.94 (0.03) | < 0.001 |
|
Serum uric acid, mg/dl, mean (SE) |
5.44 (0.02) | 4.86 (0.03) | 5.38 (0.03) | 5.70 (0.04) | 5.95 (0.04) | < 0.001 |
|
Triglyceride, mmol/L, mean (SE) |
1.56 (0.02) | 0.82 (0.01) | 1.19 (0.01) | 1.62 (0.01) | 2.83 (0.06) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L, mean (SE) | 5.15 (0.02) | 4.75 (0.02) | 5.06 (0.02) | 5.29 (0.03) | 5.59 (0.03) | < 0.001 |
| HDL, mmol/L, mean (SE) | 1.38 (0.01) | 1.59 (0.01) | 1.41 (0.01) | 1.30 (0.01) | 1.16 (0.01) | < 0.001 |
| LDL, mmol/L, mean (SE) | 3.08 (0.01) | 2.79 (0.02) | 3.10 (0.02) | 3.26 (0.02) | 3.23 (0.03) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m², mean (SE) | 96.68 (0.38) | |||||
| CRP, mg/dl, mean (SE) | 0.40 (0.01) | 0.07 (0.00) | 0.22 (0.01) | 0.45 (0.01) | 0.93 (0.03) | < 0.001 |
|
Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) |
2540 (20.02) | 324 (8.97) | 546 (16.84) | 735 (24.64) | 935 (32.31) | < 0.001 |
|
Antihyperlipidemic drugs, n (%) |
1258 (10.35) | 160 (4.77) | 292 (9.66) | 381 (13.33) | 425 (14.84) | < 0.001 |
| Antidiabetic drugs, n (%) | 736 (4.95) | 50 (1.21) | 96 (2.52) | 183 (4.70) | 407 (12.49) | < 0.001 |
| All-cause death, n (%) | 1783 (11.97) | 223 (5.47) | 423 (11.04) | 522 (14.38) | 615 (18.41) | < 0.001 |
| CVD death, n (%) | 491 (3.05) | 58 (1.20) | 111 (2.69) | 158 (4.26) | 164 (4.43) | < 0.001 |
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SE and were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Categorical variables are presented as n (%) and were compared using the χ² test. BMI, Body mass index; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; CVD, Cardiovascular disease; CKD, Chronic kidney disease