Table 3.
Associations between maternal glucose concentrations and DNA methylation of genes related to the PPAR signaling pathway in the human placenta by infant sex#
| PPAR signaling pathway-related genes | FPG concentrations | 1 h-PG concentrations | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | P for interaction | Male | Female | P for interaction | |
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |||
| Transcription factor-related genes | ||||||
| PPARAb | 0.01 (− 0.10, 0.12) | 0.07 (− 0.04, 0.18) | 0.58 | 0.03 (− 0.01, 0.07) | − 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.02) | 0.04 |
| PPARGb | − 0.52 (− 0.81, − 0.24)** | − 0.05 (− 0.34, 0.23) | 0.01 | 0.02 (− 0.07, 0.11) | 0.06 (− 0.03, 0.16) | 0.73 |
| RXRAa | − 0.08 (− 0.14, − 0.03)** | − 0.00 (− 0.05, 0.05) | 0.13 | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.03) | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.02) | 0.84 |
| RXRBb | − 0.14 (− 0.31, 0.02)* | − 0.09 (− 0.26, 0.08) | 0.72 | − 0.05 (− 0.11, 0.00)* | − 0.03 (− 0.08, 0.03) | 0.29 |
| RXRGb | 0.42 (0.01, 0.83)* | 0.00 (− 0.50, 0.50) | 0.15 | 0.08 (− 0.07, 0.22) | − 0.12 (− 0.27, 0.04) | 0.09 |
| Fatty acid oxidation-related genes | ||||||
| ACAA1b | − 0.15 (− 0.29, − 0.01)** | − 0.26 (− 0.39, − 0.13)** | 0.14 | 0.02 (− 0.03, 0.07) | − 0.02 (− 0.07, 0.02) | 0.13 |
| ACADLb | − 0.01 (− 0.39, 0.38) | − 0.13 (− 0.52, 0.26) | 0.54 | − 0.00 (− 0.13, 0.13) | 0.06 (− 0.06, 0.19) | 0.51 |
| ACADMb | − 0.12 (− 0.19, − 0.04)** | − 0.03 (− 0.10, 0.04) | 0.13 | − 0.00 (− 0.03, 0.02) | − 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.01) | 0.55 |
| ACOX1a | − 0.03 (− 0.08, 0.01) | − 0.02 (− 0.07, 0.02) | 0.98 | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.02) | 0.00 (− 0.01, 0.02) | 0.58 |
| CPT1Ab | −0.06 (− 0.19, 0.08) | 0.07 (− 0.10, 0.23) | 0.35 | − 0.00 (− 0.05, 0.05) | 0.02 (− 0.03, 0.07) | 0.43 |
| CPT2a | − 0.04 (− 0.08, 0.01)* | − 0.05 (− 0.10, − 0.00)** | 0.52 | 0.01 (− 0.00, 0.03) | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.02) | 0.74 |
| SCP2a | − 0.04 (− 0.09, 0.00)* | − 0.01 (− 0.06, 0.04) | 0.27 | 0.01 (− 0.00, 0.03) | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.02) | 0.4 |
| Cholesterol metabolism-related genes | ||||||
| NR1H3b | − 0.10 (− 0.22, 0.01)* | 0.10 (− 0.04, 0.24) | 0.09 | − 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.02) | − 0.03 (− 0.08, 0.01) | 0.72 |
| Lipid transport-related genes | ||||||
| PLTPb | − 0.10 (− 0.24, 0.04) | 0.01 (− 0.12, 0.14) | 0.32 | 0.03 (− 0.02, 0.08) | 0.00 (− 0.03, 0.03) | 0.24 |
PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 1h-PG, one-hour plasma glucose; CI, confidence interval
#The models were adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal education, household income per capita, maternal passive smoking before gestation, parity, gestational age, and gestational week at the time of maternal glucose measurement
aThe DNA methylation levels were not ln-transformed
bThe DNA methylation levels were ln-transformed
*0.05 ≤ P < 0.1
**P < 0.05