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. 2025 Oct 3;22:156. doi: 10.1186/s12954-025-01315-8

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Multivariable logistic regression of wheezing by nicotine use categories: exclusive cigarette smokers, exclusive E-cigarette users by time since quitting smoking, and never users.

Nicotine use was classified into six mutually exclusive groups: (i) current smokers (n = 1,732), (ii) exclusive e-cigarette users who quit smoking ≤ 5 years ago (n = 327), (iii) exclusive e-cigarette users who quit 6–10 years ago (n = 118), (iv) exclusive e-cigarette users who quit > 10 years ago (n = 37), (v) exclusive e-cigarette users who had never smoked (n = 36), and (vi) never-smokers who never vaped (reference group, n = 6,748). Models were adjusted for age group, sex, area-level deprivation, longstanding illness, doctor-diagnosed COPD, doctor-diagnosed asthma, self-rated general health, alcohol consumption, and second-hand smoke exposure. Two participants with missing data on time since quitting among exclusive e-cigarette users were excluded from categorisation