Table 2. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of T2DM patients in the study.
| Characteristic | Groups | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Case (n = 275) |
Control (n = 275) |
||
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 23.8 (3.4) | 23.7 (2.9) | 0.522 |
| Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 92.6 (9.9) | 92.2 (9.4) | 0.662 |
| Hip circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 94.9 (9.6) | 97.6 (9.4) | 0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio, mean (SD) | 1.0 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 122.3 (20.0) | 133.3 (18.3) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 72.8 (11.8) | 78.3 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 188.6 (76.9) | 147.1 (50.2) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 8.4 (1.9) | 7.8 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 175.9 (57.7) | 159.8 (48.0) | 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 40.1 (10.6) | 42.6 (11.5) | 0.010 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 115.1 (41.5) | 94.0 (35.7) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL), median (IQR) | 159.5 (119.0–242.5) | 152.0 (111.0–213.0) | 0.042 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 1.4 (1.3) | 1.0 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2), mean (SD) | 65.5 (26.3) | 78.3 (24.1) | <0.001 |
| Ejection fraction (%), mean (SD) | 50.0 (14.9) | 66.0 (6.9) | <0.001 |
| Antidiabetic medications | |||
| Sulfonylureas | 24 (8.7) | 102 (37.1) | <0.001 |
| Metformin | 50 (18.2) | 199 (72.4) | <0.001 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 59 (21.5) | 190 (69.1) | <0.001 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 183 (66.5) | 82 (29.8) | <0.001 |
| GLP-1 analogs | 0 (0) | 4 (1.5) | 0.124 |
| Insulin | 120 (43.6) | 91 (33.1) | 0.011 |
| Antihypertensive medications | |||
| Yes | 261 (94.9) | 191 (69.5) | <0.001 |
| No | 14 (5.1) | 84 (30.5) | |
| ARB | 183 (66.8) | 145 (52.7) | 0.001 |
| ACE inhibitors | 57 (20.7) | 10 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| CCB | 66 (24.0) | 99 (36.0) | 0.002 |
| Beta-blockers | 156 (56.7) | 61 (22.2) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 163 (59.3) | 30 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin use | |||
| Yes | 272 (98.9) | 32 (11.6) | <0.001 |
| No | 3 (1.1) | 243 (88.4) | |
| Fibrate use | |||
| Yes | 7 (2.5) | 22 (8.0) | 0.004 |
| No | 268 (97.5) | 253 (92.0) | |
| Statin use | |||
| Yes | 270 (98.2) | 214 (77.8) | <0.001 |
| No | 5 (1.8) | 61 (22.2) | |