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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Dec 30.
Published before final editing as: Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers. 2024 Dec 30:10.1037/sgd0000779. doi: 10.1037/sgd0000779

Table 2.

Negative experience percentages by gender, sexuality, and race/ethnicity.

Total (%)
(n = 696 entries)
Cisgender (%)
(n = 420 entries)
Transgender & Nonbinary (%)
(n = 276 entries)
Mono- sexual (%)
(n = 182 entries)
Pluri- sexual (%)
(n = 396 entries)
Other (%)
(n = 104 entries)
White (%)
(n = 444 entries)
Racial & Ethnic Minorities (%)
(n = 252 entries)
Theme Subtheme
Social Rejection and Discomfort Family Negative Comments 2.30 3.10 1.09 1.10 2.53 3.85 2.03 2.78
Slurs 0.57 0.71 0.36 1.10 0.51 0.00 0.23 1.19
Misgendering 1.72 0.24 3.99 0.55 1.77 3.85 2.25 0.79
Identity Erasure 1.01 0.95 1.09 0.00 1.52 0.96 0.45 1.98
Reactions to Gender Expression and Presentation 1.15 0.24 2.54 1.65 1.26 0.00 0.90 1.59
General or Unspecified Judgment 1.58 1.43 1.81 1.10 1.52 2.88 1.58 1.59
Friends and Peers Negative Comments 2.59 2.14 3.26 3.30 2.27 2.88 2.70 2.38
Insulting Jokes 3.30 3.10 3.62 2.75 4.04 1.92 4.05 1.98
Slurs 1.72 2.38 0.72 1.10 1.77 1.92 1.80 1.59
Misgendering 1.01 0.48 1.81 1.65 1.01 0.00 1.13 0.79
Reactions to Gender Presentation and Expression 0.43 0.71 0.00 0.55 0.51 0.00 0.23 0.79
Identity Erasure 1.29 1.19 1.45 0.55 1.77 0.96 1.58 0.79
Vicarious Experiences 4.31 5.71 2.17 4.40 4.80 0.00 4.95 3.17
General or Unspecified Judgement 2.87 3.33 2.17 3.30 2.27 3.85 2.25 3.97
Teachers Misgendering 1.44 0.00 3.62 0.55 1.77 1.92 1.13 1.98
Identity Erasure 0.43 0.00 1.09 0.55 0.00 1.92 0.45 0.40
General/Unspecified Judgement 0.86 0.48 1.45 1.10 1.01 0.00 0.90 0.79
Other or Unspecified Individuals Negative Comments 6.03 5.24 7.25 4.95 5.30 9.62 5.41 7.14
Jokes 2.44 3.10 1.45 2.20 2.53 1.92 2.03 3.17
Slurs 3.02 4.05 1.45 1.65 2.02 8.65 3.60 1.98
Misgendering by Others 3.74 0.00 9.42 2.20 3.79 6.73 3.38 4.37
Reactions to Presentation and Gender Expression 2.16 1.90 2.54 2.75 1.77 2.88 2.48 1.59
Identity Erasure 2.01 1.67 2.54 1.10 2.53 1.92 1.80 2.38
Negative Perceptions of SGM Relationship 0.57 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.96 0.68 0.40
Sexual Harassment 1.15 1.19 1.09 2.75 0.51 0.96 0.68 1.98
Staring 2.16 2.38 1.81 2.20 1.26 5.77 2.48 1.59
Unspecified or General Judgement 3.02 3.33 2.54 1.65 3.03 5.77 2.70 3.57
Relationship Stressors Inconvenient or Uncomfortable Romantic Interests 4.17 4.52 3.62 7.14 4.04 0.00 5.63 1.59
Rejection, Break Up, or Conflict 3.59 5.48 0.72 6.59 2.27 0.96 2.70 5.16
Stress Related to Identity Development and Disclosure Questioning 2.87 2.14 3.99 3.30 3.03 1.92 3.15 2.38
Gender Dysphoria 3.16 0.00 7.97 2.75 4.04 0.96 3.60 2.38
Internalized or Self-Stigma 10.92 12.86 7.97 14.29 10.35 8.65 11.49 9.92
Discomfort with Appearance, Presentation, and Gender Expression 5.75 1.43 12.32 7.14 5.05 6.73 6.76 3.97
Decision Making Around Disclosure 3.16 2.86 3.62 1.65 2.53 8.65 3.38 2.78
Fears of Being Outed 1.87 1.90 1.81 1.65 1.52 3.85 2.25 1.19
Concealment 10.20 12.86 6.16 11.54 9.85 10.58 13.06 5.16
Outness 2.30 3.10 1.09 1.65 2.53 2.88 2.48 1.98
Lack of Belonging 1.58 1.67 1.45 2.20 1.26 1.92 1.58 1.59
Negative or Inadequate Representation Negative Media Representation 4.60 5.24 3.62 5.49 4.80 2.88 4.95 3.97
Negative General Social Media 2.87 3.81 1.45 3.30 3.28 0.96 3.15 2.38
Curriculum and Teaching 2.87 2.86 2.90 3.85 3.03 0.96 3.38 1.98
Structural Barriers and Cissexism- Related Stressors Difficulty Accessing Gender-Affirming Health Care 1.15 0.00 2.90 1.10 1.52 0.00 0.45 2.38
Barriers and Negative Experiences with Bathrooms 2.73 0.48 6.16 0.00 3.28 5.77 2.93 2.38

Note. Frequencies are expressed in percentage form and represent the percentage of oppression-based stress experience entries that involve the given subtheme for that demographic category. Monosexual participants include those who identified as gay or lesbian; plurisexual participants were those who identified as bisexual, pansexual, or queer; and other participants were those who identified as asexual, questioning, or unsure. Participants who identified as a racial minority or designated their ethnicity as Hispanic or Latino/a/x/e were categorized as racial and ethnic minorities.