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. 2025 Oct 6;17:46. doi: 10.1186/s13089-025-00448-y

Table 2.

Cardiac function classification, treatment strategies, and prognosis in 16 patients with pulsus alternans

Parameters NYHA Therapy Follow-up (months) Outcomes
Case 1 III Calcium channel blockers, β-blocker 39 Serial follow-up
Case 2 II ARBs, Aspirin 21 Serial follow-up
Case 3 II Furosemide, spironolactone, ARBs 2 Rehospitalization
Case 4 IV Furosemide 44 Serial follow-up
Case 5 II Furosemide, antibiotics 39 Serial follow-up
Case 6 IV Furosemide, spironolactone, trimetazidine 38 Serial follow-up
Case 7 III β-blocker, ARBs, furosemide, spironolactone 32 Serial follow-up
Case 8 IV Furosemide, spironolactone, ARBs, trimetazidine 32 Serial follow-up
Case 9 IV Furosemide, ARBs, β-blocker 2 Heart transplantation
Case 10 III Furosemide, spironolactone, ARBs 31 Serial follow-up
Case 11 III Antibiotics, ARBs 6 Serial follow-up
Case 12 III ARBs, β-blocker, spironolactone 20 Serial follow-up
Case 13 IV Antibiotics, furosemide, lyophilized recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide 1 Death
Case 14 III ARBs, β-blocker 1 Rehospitalization
Case 15 IV Spironolactone, torsemide, β-blocker 7 Heart transplantation
Case 16 III spironolactone, furosemide, β-blocker, ARBs 15 Serial follow-up

NYHA New York Heart Association, ARBs Angiotensin II receptor blockers