Table 1.
Genetically modified strains for SA production (upper case letter, gene overexpression; lowercase letter, gene disruption; ALE, adaptative laboratory evolution; F, shake flask; B, batch bioreactor, FB, fed-batch bioreactor).
| Strain | Genotype | Culture mode | Carbon Source | pH control | SA titer (g/L) | Yield (g/g) | Productivity (g/(L.h)) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yarrowia lipolytica | ||||||||
| Y-3314 | sdh2Δ | F | Glycerol | 6 | 45.5 | N.R. | 0.27 | (Yuzbashev et al. 2010) |
| Y-4215 | Chemical mutagenesis & ALE of Y-3314 | FB | Glucose | 2.7b | 50.2 | 0.43 | 0.93 | (Yuzbashev et al. 2016) |
| H222-AZ2 | Replacing the promoter of SDH2 | FB | Glycerol | 5 | 25.1 | 0.26 | 0.15 | (Jost et al. 2015) |
| PGC01003 | sdh5Δ | FB FBf |
Crude Glycerola | 6 | 160.2 209.7 |
0.40 N.R. |
0.40 0.65 |
(Gao et al. 2016), (Li et al. 2018b) |
| PSA02004 | ALE of PGC01003 in glucose | B FB FB B |
Glucose FVWa OFMSWa SCBa |
6 6 5.5–6 6 |
65.8 140.6 66.7 32.2 |
0.50 0.47 0.51 0.58 |
0.69 0.44 0.78 0.33 |
(Yang et al. 2017) (Li et al. 2018d) (Stylianou et al. 2023) (Ong et al. 2019) |
| PGC52 | sdh5Δ, ach1Δ | F | Glycerol | 2.5–3.5b | 12.05 | 0.29 | 0.13 | (Cui et al. 2017) |
| PGC62 |
ScPCK
sdh5Δ, ach1Δ |
F | Glycerol | 2.5–3.5b | 30.15 | 0.50 | 0.31 | (Cui et al. 2017) |
| PGC91 | YlPYC in PGC52 | F | Glycerol | 2.5–3.5b | 26.16 | 0.41 | 0.27 | (Cui et al. 2017) |
| PGC202 | YlSCS2 in PGC62 | FB B FBf B B Bf |
Glycerol Glucose MFWa FVWa AWa Biochar-textilea |
3.4b 5 2.8b 3.5b 3.5b 4.5b |
110.7 53.6 71.6 32.6 40 28.8 |
0.53 0.61 N.R. 0.61 0.56 0.61 |
0.80 0.52 0.40 0.60 0.50 0.33 |
(Cui et al. 2017) (Yu et al. 2018) (Li et al. 2019a) (Li et al. 2019a) (Li et al. 2019a) (Li et al. 2019b) |
| PSA3 | ALE PSA02004 at low pH | FB | Glucose | 3 | 76.8 | 0.20 | 0.24 | (Li et al. 2018a) |
| ST8578 | AsPCK, ICL, MLS, MDH, KGDH, SCS2, SpMAE1, ach1Δ, Downregulation of SDH1, ALE | FB | Glucose | 5 | 35.3 | 0.26 | 0.61 | (Babaei et al. 2019) |
| PSA02004PP | XR, XDH and XK in PSA02004 | FB B |
Xylose SCBa |
4b 4.5b |
22.3 5.6 |
0.15 0.14 |
0.14 0.09 |
(Prabhu et al. 2020) |
| RIY420 | GUT1 in PGC01003 | FB | Glycerol | 6 | 178 | 0.46 | 0.44 | (Ong et al. 2020) |
| PGC62-SYF | TbFRD, YlSCS2, YlICL, YlMLS and YlYHM2 in PGC62 strain | F | Glucose | N.R.b | 21.6 | 0.61 | 0.30 | (Jiang et al. 2021) |
| PGC62-SYF-Mae | SpMAE in 1PGC62-SYF | FB | Glucose | 5.5 | 101.4 | 0.37 | 0.70 | (Jiang et al. 2021) |
| PSA02004PP-ACS 5.0 | ALE and ACS in PSA02004PP | B | Acetate | 6.8 | 5.1 | 0.23 | 0.05 | (Narisetty et al. 2022b) |
| Yl-005 |
AOX, CAT, DAS, DAK, MgXR, MgXDH, MgXK, FBA2, TAL2, FBP1, HSP70
sdh5Δ |
F | Methanol | N.R. | 0.92 | N.R. | N.R. | (Zhang et al. 2023) |
| Hi-SA2 |
EcFUM, SpMAE1, YlMDH2, TbFRD, YlMDH1 in PGC91 ALE |
FB | Glucose | 2.5b | 111.9 | 0.79 | 1.79 | (Cui et al. 2023) |
| Hi-SA2YlGsh2 | YlGSH2 in Hi-SA2 | FB | Corncoba | 3.3b | 45.3 | 0.71 | 1.42 | (Zhong et al. 2024b) |
| E501 | ALE Hi-SA2 in SA 50 g/L | FB | Glucose | 2.5–3b | 89.62 | 0.61 | 1.87 | (Zhong et al. 2024a) |
| E501XF | YlHXK1 and YlPFK1 in E501 | FB | Glucose | 3.5 | 112.54 | 0.67 | 2.08 | (Zhong et al. 2024a) |
| BDic5 |
YlXK, SsXR, SsXDH, ScPCK, YlSCS2, YlDIC
sdh5Δ, achΔ |
FB | Glucose-Xylose Corn stovera |
6.5 | 102.44 105.4 |
N.R. 0.35 |
0.39 0.53 |
(Ge et al. 2025) |
| ΔSDH5-A11 |
YALI0_A07997g
sdh5Δ |
FB | Glycerol | 5.5 | 88.5 | 0.37 | 1.23 | (Sun et al. 2025b) |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ||||||||
| UBR2CBS-DHA-SA-AnDCT-02 (2)-PYC2oe | PYC2 to UBR2CBS-DHA-SA-AnDCT-02 | F | Glycerol | 5–6 | 35 | 0.60 | 0.36 | (Malubhoy et al. 2022) |
| Issatchenkia orientalis | ||||||||
| IoΔura3 + SA | PYC, MDH, FUM, FRD | F | Glucose | 5 | 11.63 | 0.12 | 0.11 | (Xiao et al. 2014) |
| g3473∆/PaGDH-DAK/g3837Δ |
SpMAE1, PaGDH, DAK, g3473Δ, g3837Δ, GpdΔ, PdcΔ in IoΔura3 + SA |
FB | Glucose, Glycerol | 3 | 109.5 | 0.65 | 0.54 | (Tran et al. 2023) |
| g3473Δ/PaGDH-DAK/ScSUC2 | ScSUC2 in g3473∆/PaGDH-DAK | FB | Sugarcane juicea | 3 | 104.6 | 0.63 | 1.25 | (Tran et al. 2023) |
| Escherichia coli | ||||||||
| AFP1111/pTrc99A—pyc |
PYC
pflΔ, ldhaΔ mutation in PTSG e |
FBc | Glucose | 7 | 99.2 | 1.14d | 1.3 | (Vemuri et al. 2002) |
| KMG111 | pflaΔ, ldhaΔ, ptsgΔ, MGTA e | FBc | Corn stalka | 7 | 129.2 | 0.86d | 2.15d | (Wang et al. 2014) |
| NZN111 | pflBΔ,ldhAΔ | FBc | Cassava starcha | 7 | 100.6 | 0.86 | 2.32d | (Chen et al. 2014) |
| E. coli MLB/pTrc99a-pck | ldhAΔ, pflBΔ, PCK | FBc FBc |
Glycerol Crude glycerola |
7 7 |
72.7 66.8 |
1.13d 1.24d |
0.70d 0.70d |
(Li et al. 2018c) |
| JW1021 | pflaΔ, ldhaΔ, ptsgΔ | FBc | Corn stalka | 7 | 113.95 | 0.91d | 3.25d | (Wang et al. 2018) |
a
Carbon source refers to hydrolysates from: FVW, Fruits and Vegetables waste; OFMSW, Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste; SCB, Sugarcane bagasse; MFW, Mix Food Waste; AW, Agricultural waste.
b
Cultures have been carried out without pH control. The value indicated the pH at the end of the fermentation.
c
Dual phase fermentation, aerobic growth and anaerobic production of SA.
d
The calculation is based on glucose consumed and SA produced during the anaerobic phase.
e
PFL, pyruvate formate lyase; LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase; PTSG, enzyme of the phosphotransferase system; MGTA, magnesium transporter.
f
n-situ fibrous bed bioreactor.