Table 4.
Differences in structural empowerment, self-efficacy, and potential profile scores, mean ± sd
| Item | Total sample (n = 659) | class1 (n = 269) | Class2 (n = 37) | class3 (n = 285) | class4 (n = 68) | F | p | LSD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opportunity | 9.09 ± 2.36 | 8.51 ± 1.84 | 6.81 ± 2.44 | 9.53 ± 2.19 | 10.82 ± 3.08 | 38.08 | < 0.001 |
1 > 2, 3 > 1 4 > 1, 3 > 2 4 > 2, 4 > 3 |
| Information | 7.60 ± 2.68 | 7.01 ± 2.28 | 5.68 ± 2.29 | 7.95 ± 2.52 | 9.51 ± 3.52 | 26.60 | < 0.001 |
1 > 2, 3 > 1 4 > 1, 3 > 2 4 > 2, 4 > 3 |
| Support | 8.50 ± 2.55 | 7.86 ± 2.01 | 5.95 ± 2.24 | 8.96 ± 2.37 | 10.46 ± 3.33 | 40.74 | < 0.001 |
1 > 2, 3 > 1 4 > 1, 3 > 2 4 > 2, 4 > 3 |
| Resources | 8.93 ± 2.39 | 8.35 ± 1.93 | 6.30 ± 2.23 | 9.27 ± 2.08 | 11.24 ± 3.00 | 53.68 | < 0.001 |
1 > 2, 3 > 1 4 > 1, 3 > 2 4 > 2, 4 > 3 |
| Formal empowerment | 8.61 ± 2.53 | 7.91 ± 1.96 | 5.95 ± 2.32 | 9.06 ± 2.25 | 10.88 ± 3.36 | 51.30 | < 0.001 |
1 > 2, 3 > 1 4 > 1, 3 > 2 4 > 2, 4 > 3 |
| Informal empowerment | 11.68 ± 3.10 | 10.74 ± 2.38 | 8.62 ± 2.93 | 12.37 ± 2.75 | 14.22 ± 4.25 | 48.78 | < 0.001 |
1 > 2, 3 > 1 4 > 1, 3 > 2 4 > 2, 4 > 3 |
| Self efficacy | 24.25 ± 6.30 | 21.69 ± 4.89 | 18.46 ± 5.23 | 25.43 ± 5.46 | 32.56 ± 5.73 | 97.83 | < 0.001 |
1 > 2, 3 > 1 4 > 1, 3 > 2 4 > 2, 4 > 3 |