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. 2025 Jul 14;18(1):102–115. doi: 10.1159/000546588

Table 2.

Chi-square test for genetic testing awareness, genetic testing experience, and change in behavior

Variables Awareness of genetic testing (N = 4,631) Had genetic testing (N = 3,777) Change of behavior (1,327)
no (N = 854) yes (N = 3,777) no (N = 2,314) yes (N = 1,327) no (N = 1,111) yes (N = 216)
Gender
 Male 383 (20.5%) 1,488 (79.5%) 969 (67.7%) 463 (32.3%) 377 (81.4%) 86 (18.6%)
 Female 471 (17.1%) 2,289 (82.9%) 1,345 (60.9%) 864 (39.1%) 734 (85%) 130 (15%)
χ2 (1) = 8.59, p value <0.01 χ2 (1) = 17.24, p value <0.01 χ2 (1) = 2.75, p value = 0.09
Age
 18–34 years 95 (12.6%) 659 (87.4%) 434 (68%) 204 (32%) 180 (88.2%) 24 (11.8%)
 35–49 years 178 (17.8%) 824 (82.2%) 459 (57.3%) 342 (42.7%) 285 (83.3%) 57 (16.7%)
 50–64 years 224 (16.4%) 1,143 (83.6%) 702 (63.5%) 404 (36.5%) 325 (80.4%) 79 (19.6%)
 65–74 years 174 (17.9%) 799 (82.1%) 511 (66.9%) 253 (33.1%) 215 (85%) 38 (15%)
 Above 75 years 183 (34.2%) 352 (65.8%) 208 (62.7%) 124 (37.3%) 106 (85.5%) 18 (14.5%)
χ 2 (4) = 109.85, p value <0.01 χ 2 (4) = 22.79, p value <0.01 χ2 (4) = 6.84, p value = 0.14
Marital status
 Single 210 (17%) 1,028 (83%) 668 (68.5%) 307 (31.5%) 242 (78.8%) 65 (21.2%)
 Married 355 (16.4%) 1,805 (83.6%) 1,052 (59.9%) 703 (40.1%) 608 (86.5%) 95 (13.5%)
 Not married anymore 289 (23.4%) 944 (76.6%) 594 (65.2%) 317 (34.8%) 261 (82.3%) 56 (17.7%)
χ 2 (2) = 28.05, p value <0.01 χ 2 (2) = 21.30, p value <0.01 χ 2 (2) = 9.78, p value <0.01
Employment status
 Unemployment 468 (22.7%) 1,590 (77.3%) 976 (64.5%) 537 (35.5%) 455 (84.7%) 82 (15.3%)
 Employment 386 (15%) 2,187 (85%) 1,338 (62.9%) 790 (37.1%) 656 (83%) 134 (17%)
χ 2 (1) = 45.52, p value <0.01 χ2 (1) = 1.01, p value = 0.31 χ2 (1) = 0.67, p value = 0.41
Education status
 <School and graduate school 205 (17.2%) 990 (82.8%) 568 (58.7%) 400 (41.3%) 350 (87.5%) 50 (12.5%)
 Some college 235 (306%) 534 (69.4%) 354 (69.3%) 157 (30.7%) 121 (77.1%) 36 (22.95)
 Bachelors 246 (18.8%) 1,063 (81.2%) 661 (65.4%) 350 (34.6%) 287 (82%) 63 (18%)
 Postbaccalaureate 168 (12.4%) 1,190 (87.6%) 731 (63.5%) 420 (36.5%) 353 (84%) 67 (16%)
χ 2 (3) = 109.77, p value <0.01 χ 2 (3) = 18.61, p value <0.01 χ 2 (3) = 10.08, p value = 0.01
Race
 Non-Hispanic white 355 (13%) 2,367 (87%) 1,435 (62.4%) 863 (37.6%) 771 (89.3%) 92 (10.7%)
 Non-Hispanic African American 174 (24.3%) 542 (75.7%) 337 (65.9%) 174 (34.1%) 111 (63.8%) 63 (36.2%)
 Hispanic 226 (28.6%) 565 (71.4%) 350 (64.8%) 190 (14.3%) 148 (77.9%) 42 (22.1%)
 Non-Hispanic Asian and other 99 (24.6%) 303 (75.4%) 192 (65.8%) 100 (34.2%) 81 (81%) 19 (19%)
χ 2 (3) = 133.30, p value <0.01 χ2 (3) = 3.46, p value = 0.32 χ 2 (3) = 75.97, p value <0.01
Annual income
 Less than 20,000 251 (36.1%) 445 (63.9%) 275 (68.1%) 129 (31.9%) 93 (72.1%) 36 (27.9%)
 20,000 to <35,000 141 (24.5%) 435 (75.5%) 297 (71.2%) 120 (28.8%) 96 (80%) 24 (20%)
 35,000 to <50,000 132 (22%) 468 (78%) 285 (63.6%) 163 (36.4%) 138 (84.7%) 25 (15.3%)
 50,000 to <75,000 131 (15.9%) 695 (84.1%) 456 (67.8%) 217 (32.2%) 175 (80.6%) 42 (19.4%)
 Above 75,000 199 (10.3%) 1,734 (89.7%) 1,001 (58.9%) 698 (41.1%) 609 (87.2%) 89 (12.8%)
χ 2 (4) = 251.66, p value <0.01 χ 2 (4) = 35.04, p value <0.01 χ 2 (4) = 22.00, p value <0.01