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. 2025 Jul 14;18(1):102–115. doi: 10.1159/000546588

Table 3.

Multivariable logistic regression analysis for awareness of genetic testing

Variables Any genetic testing Ancestry testing Personal trait Specific disease Prenatal Other
adjusted OR (CI) adjusted OR (CI) adjusted OR (CI) adjusted OR (CI) adjusted OR (CI) adjusted OR (CI)
Gender
 Male Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
 Female 1.52 (1.29–1.79) 0.76 (0.66–0.89) 1.01 (0.87–1.16) 0.70 (0.61–0.79) 0.62 (0.54–0.71) 0.81 (0.37–1.73)
Age
 18–34 years Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
 35–49 years 0.60 (0.45–0.81) 1.75 (1.35–2.27) 1.16 (0.94–1.44) 1.11 (0.90–1.38) 1.57 (1.27–1.94) 0.99 (0.32–3.02)
 50–64 years 0.63 (0.47–0.85) 1.67 (1.29–2.16) 1.61 (1.30–2.01) 1.25 (1.02–1.55) 2.69 (2.17–3.32) 1.31 (0.41–4.18)
 65–74 years 0.55 (0.40–0.77) 1.95 (1.45–2.62) 1.96 (1.51–2.54) 1.57 (1.23–2.00) 3.94 (3.07–5.07) 1.87 (0.42–8.28)
 Above 75 years 0.20 (0.14–0.29) 5.09 (3.65–7.10) 3.11 (2.23–4.33) 2.97 (2.23–3.96) 7.10 (5.17–9.73) 1.04 (0.21–5.16)
Marital status
 Single Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
 Married 0.85 (0.68–1.06) 1.28 (1.05–1.56) 1.30 (1.09–1.55) 1.26 (1.07–1.49) 0.85 (0.72–1.01) 1.44 (0.57–3.63)
 Not married anymore 0.93 (0.73–1.18) 0.96 (0.77–1.20) 1.16 (0.94–1.44) 1.17 (0.96–1.41) 0.91 (0.75–1.12) 1.33 (0.43–4.10)
Employment status
 Unemployment Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
 Employment 0.84 (0.68–1.03) 1.19 (0.99–1.44) 1.11 (0.93–1.32) 1.05 (0.90–1.23) 1.12 (0.95–1.31) 0.97 (0.36–2.57)
Education status
 <School and graduate school Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
 Some college 0.63 (0.50–0.80) 1.65 (1.32–2.05) 2.64 (2.05–3.40) 1.87 (1.53–2.28) 2.73 (2.19–3.41) 2.11 (0.55–8.10)
 Bachelors 1.06 (0.85–1.32) 0.88 (0.72–1.07) 1.49 (1.24–1.80) 1.30 (1.09–1.54) 1.76 (1.47–2.09) 1.74 (0.62–4.87)
 Postbaccalaureate 1.32 (1.04–1.68) 0.76 (0.62–0.94) 1.05 (0.89–1.25) 1.02 (0.86–1.21) 1.26 (1.07–1.49) 1.21 (0.51–2.91)
Race
 Non-Hispanic white Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
 Non-Hispanic African American 0.48 (0.38–0.60) 2.66 (2.17–3.25) 1.92 (1.55–2.39) 1.79 (1.49–2.13) 2.09 (1.72–2.54) 2.14 (0.61–7.45)
 Hispanic 0.36 (0.29–0.44) 3.13 (2.58–3.81) 1.92 (1.57–2.36) 2.32 (1.95–2.76) 2.04 (1.70–2.46) 7.53 (0.99–57.31
 Non-Hispanic Asian and other 0.36 (0.27–0.47) 3.60 (2.81–4.61) 2.10 (1.62–2.73) 2.37 (1.89–2.96) 2.25 (1.78–2.86) 1.34 (0.39–4.58)
Annual income
 Less than 20,000 Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
 20,000 to <35,000 1.76 (1.35–2.29) 0.54 (0.42–0.69) 0.72 (0.53–0.97) 0.68 (0.54–0.87) 0.59 (0.45–0.78) 2.57 (0.50–13.1)
 35,000 to <50,000 1.90 (1.45–2.48) 0.49 (0.38–0.63) 0.62 (0.46–0.83) 0.56 (0.44–0.71) 0.46 (0.35–0.61) 3.03 (0.58–15.8)
 50,000 to <75,000 2.66 (2.03–3.50) 0.37 (0.28–0.47) 0.59 (0.44–0.78) 0.51 (0.40–0.64) 0.48 (0.37–0.62) 3.18 (0.72–14.0)
 Above 75,000 4.04 (3.09–5.27) 0.24 (0.19–0.31) 0.45 (0.34–0.59) 0.40 (0.32–0.50) 0.34 (0.26–0.43) 1.50 (0.47–4.81)

Bold: significant findings. Outcome variables adjusted with demographic variable.

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.