. 2025 Jul 14;18(1):102–115. doi: 10.1159/000546588

Table 5.

Predicting behavior change following genetic testing for a specific disease (N = 1,327)

Variables	Model 1				Model 2				Model 3
Variables	B (standard error)^a	OR^b	χ^2c	R ^2d	B (standard error)^a	OR^b	χ²	R ^2d	B (standard error)^a	OR^b	χ^2c	R ^2d
Block 1			85.04	0.11**			265.22				283.87
Gender^e			85.04
Female	−0.15 (0.18)	0.86	0.65		−0.33 (0.21)	0.71	2.42		−0.36 (0.21)	0.69	2.82
Age^e
35–49 years	0.66 (0.32)*	1.93	4.12		0.67 (0.36)	1.95	3.42		0.71 (0.36)	2.03	3.74
50–64 years	0.95 (0.31)**	2.59	8.89		0.95 (0.36)	2.59	6.95		0.94 (0.36)*	2.57	6.63
65–74 years	0.96 (0.38)*	2.61	6.33		1.04 (0.43)	2.84	5.67		0.97 (0.44)*	2.63	4.77
Above 75 years	1.22 (0.44)**	3.39	7.50		1.28 (0.51)	3.61	6.17		1.23 (0.52)*	3.43	5.57
Marital status^e
Married	−0.37 (0.23)	0.69	2.59		−0.38 (0.25)	0.68	2.20		−0.48 (0.26)	0.61	3.40
Not married anymore	−0.34 (0.26)	0.70	1.75		−0.36 (0.29)	0.69	1.56		−0.35 (0.29)	0.70	1.44
Employment status^e
Employment	0.19 (0.22)	1.21	0.70		0.24 (0.25)	1.27	0.88		0.15 (0.25)	1.16	0.34
Education status^e
Some college	0.67 (0.28)*	0.02	5.35		0.70 (0.32)	2.02	4.68		0.70 (0.32)*	2.02	4.58
Bachelors	0.23 (0.24)	0.34	0.91		0.35 (0.27)	1.42	1.69		0.37 (0.27)	1.45	1.90
Postbaccalaureate	0.34 (0.23)	0.15	2.06		0.36 (0.26)	1.43	1.85		0.34 (0.37)	1.40	1.60
Race^e
Non-Hispanic African American	1.36 (0.22)**	3.91	37.69		1.27 (0.25)	3.56	25.62		1.22 (0.25)**	3.41	23.50
Hispanic	0.77 (0.24)**	2.17	10.10		0.80 (0.27)	2.23	8.73		0.75 (0.27)**	2.12	7.43
Non-Hispanic Asian and other	0.59 (0.33)	1.81	3.25		0.51 (0.36)	1.67	1.97		0.51 (0.37)	1.67	1.90
Annual income^e
20,000 to <35,000	−0.32 (0.34)	0.72	0.89		−0.03 (0.39)	0.96	0.00		0.01 (0.39)	1.01	0.00
35,000 to <50,000	−0.72 (0.36)*	0.48	4.01		−0.48 (0.40)	0.61	1.45		−0.41 (0.40)	0.65	1.06
50,000 to <75,000	−0.08 (0.32)	0.91	0.07		0.31 (0.36)	1.36	0.71		0.37 (0.37)	1.44	1.00
Above 75,000	−0.62 (0.31)*	0.53	3.92		−0.42 (0.36)	0.65	1.39		−0.32 (0.36)	0.72	0.77
Block 2								0.34**
Reasons to get genetic testing^f
Doctor’s recommendation					1.23 (0.21)	3.44	32.88		0.92 (0.22)**	2.52	16.91
Understanding family					−0.58 (0.26)	0.56	4.92		−0.30 (0.27)	0.73	1.26
Finding family					−0.44 (0.36)	0.64	1.46		−0.30 (0.38)	0.73	0.63
Personal trait					0.17 (0.32)	1.19	0.28		0.28 (0.33)	1.32	0.72
Risk to develop disease					1.26 (0.20)	3.55	39.15		1.15 (0.20)*	3.17	31.53
Learn strategies					1.75 (0.34)	5.79	26.35		1.76 (0.35)*	5.82	25.24
Prenatal					−0.49 (0.28)	0.61	2.99		−0.61 (0.28)*	0.54	4.60
Received a gift					−1.51 (0.74)	0.22	4.11		−1.39 (0.75)	0.24	3.40
Block 3												0.36**
Confident^g: somewhat									−0.04 (0.42)	0.96	0.00
Completely/very									0.21 (0.40)	1.23	0.28
Seek help for understanding^h									1.31 (0.34)**	3.72	14.95

Outcome variable change in behavior in response to any genetic testing (no) serve as a reference category.

^aEstimated regression (beta) coefficients and standard error and so on for effects when they were entered into the models.

^bEstimated regression (odds ratio) coefficients and so on for effects in the models.

^cLikelihood ratio chi-square test statistics are reported for tests of blocks and models; Wald chi-square test statistics are reported for tests of predictors.

^dNagelkerke R Square.

^eGender (male), age (18–24), marital status (single), employment status (unemployment) education (< school and high school), race (non-Hispanic white), and annual income (<USD 20,000) were considered as reference.

^fReasons to get genetic testing (no) serve as reference category.

^gConfident about test accuracy (not at all/little bit) coded as reference.

^hSeek help for understanding (no) serve as a reference category.

*p < 0.05.

**p < 0.01.