Table 3.
Factors associated with cognitive development
| Regression coefficients for cognitive scores (95% CI) (N = 2,494) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|
| Gestational age at birth | ||
| Term (≥ 37 weeks) | Ref | Ref |
| Preterm (< 37 weeks) | −1.44 (−2.62, −0.27) | 0.016 |
| Child vaccination status | ||
| Unvaccinated | −6.02 (−9.36, −2.67) | < 0.001 |
| Partially vaccinated | −1.17 (−2.12, −0.22) | 0.016 |
| Fully vaccinated | Ref | Ref |
| Child nutritional status | ||
| WHZ at 6 months | ||
| Normal | Ref | Ref |
| Moderate to severe wasting (WHZ < − 2SD) | −1.69 (−3.01, −0.36) | 0.012 |
| HAZ at 18 months | ||
| Normal | Ref | Ref |
| Moderate to severe stunting (HAZ < − 2SD) | −2.19 (−2.91, −1.48) | < 0.001 |
| Maternal education | ||
| No education | −3.87 (−5.84, −1.9) | < 0.001 |
| 1–6 years | −3.46 (−5.32, −1.6) | < 0.001 |
| 7–10 years | −2.12 (−3.94, −0.3) | 0.022 |
| ≥ 11 years | Ref | Ref |
| Maternal BMI at Enrollment | ||
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) | −0.89 (−1.88, 0.11) | 0.081 |
| Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | Ref | Ref |
| Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 0.75 (−0.2, 1.69) | 0.12 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 1.75 (0.55, 2.96) | 0.004 |
| Household Hunger | ||
| No or little hunger | Ref | Ref |
| Moderate to severe hunger | −1.64 (−2.81, −0.47) | 0.006 |
| Child home environment measured by the HOME-Inventory at 24 months | ||
| Organization of physical and temporal environment | 0.47 (0.23, 0.71) | < 0.001 |
| Provision of appropriate play materials | 0.86 (0.49, 1.23) | < 0.001 |
| Cleanliness of the child | 1.23 (0.6, 1.86) | < 0.001 |
CI Confidence Interval, WHZ Weight-for-Height Z-score, HAZ Height-for-Age Z-score, BMI Body Mass Index