Table 4.

Factors associated with Language development

	Regression coefficients for language scores (95% CI) (N = 2,474)	P-value
Child sex
Male	Ref	Ref
Female	1.01 (0.29, 1.72)	0.006
Gestational age at birth
Term (≥ 37 weeks)	Ref	Ref
Preterm (< 37 weeks)	−1.77 (−3, −0.53)	0.005
Child vaccination status
Unvaccinated	−2.52 (−5.87, 0.83)	0.14
Partially vaccinated	−1.18 (−2.18, −0.19)	0.02
Fully vaccinated	Ref	Ref
Child nutritional status
WAZ at 12 months
Normal	Ref	Ref
Moderate to severe underweight (WAZ < − 2SD)	−1.48 (−2.64, −0.32)	0.012
WAZ at 24 months
Normal	Ref	Ref
Moderate to severe underweight (WAZ < − 2SD)	−1.65 (−2.68, −0.62)	0.002
HAZ at 6 months
Normal	Ref	Ref
Moderate to severe stunting (HAZ < − 2SD)	−0.93 (−1.9, 0.03)	0.057
History of fever reported by mother during study visits
No	Ref	Ref
Yes	−2.45 (−3.57, −1.34)	< 0.001
History of diarrhea reported by mother during study visits
No	Ref	Ref
Yes	−1.11 (−2.11, −0.12)	0.028
Maternal education
No education	−4.69 (−6.82, −2.57)	< 0.001
1–6 years	−4.5 (−6.48, −2.52)	< 0.001
7–10 years	−3.39 (−5.3, −1.48)	0.001
≥ 11 years	Ref	Ref
Father’s education
No education	−2.34 (−4.2, −0.48)	0.014
1–6 years	−2.32 (−4.08, −0.57)	0.01
7–10 years	−1.32 (−3.06, 0.42)	0.137
≥ 11 years	Ref	Ref
Maternal BMI at enrollment
Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2)	−1.31 (−2.34, −0.27)	0.013
Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2)	Ref	Ref
Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2)	0.54 (−0.45, 1.52)	0.284
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)	1.68 (0.42, 2.95)	0.009
Child home environment measured by the HOME-Inventory at 24 months
Organization of physical and temporal environment	0.53 (0.3, 0.76)	< 0.001

CI Confidence Interval, WHZ Weight-for-Height Z-score, HAZ Height-for-Age Z-score, BMI Body Mass Index