Table 4.

Main results of our included studies and assessment of article quality

N°	Author(s) and year	Main results of the study	Association between long covid and psychiatric or addiction history	Association between long covid and psychiatric symptoms at baseline	Psychological experience of infection	NOS
1	Subramanian et al., 2022 [35]	A total of 62 symptoms were significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection after 12 weeks. The largest aHRs were for anosmia (aHR 6.49, 95% CI 5.02–8.39), hair loss (3.99, 3.63–4.39), sneezing (2.77, 1.40–5.50), ejaculation difficulty (2.63, 1.61–4.28) and reduced libido (2.36, 1.61–3.47). Among the cohort of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, risk factors for long COVID included female sex, belonging to an ethnic minority, socioeconomic deprivation, smoking, obesity and a wide range of comorbidities. The risk of developing long COVID was also found to be increased a long a gradient of decreasing age	Depression: increased risk (aHR 1.31, 95% CI 1.27–1.34) Anxiety: increased risk (aHR 1.35, 95% CI 1.31–1.39) Eating disorder: increased risk (aHR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06–1.27) Substance use disorder: increased risk (aHR 1.15, 95% CI 1.07–1.23) Learning disability: increased risk (aHR 1.24, 95% CI 1.11–1.40) Smokers and former smokers: increased risk (aHR 1.12, 95% CI 1.08–1.15 and 1.08, 1.05–1.11, respectively) All p < 0,05%	Not researched	Not researched	8/9
2	Wang and al., 2022 [36]	Probable depression (risk ratio [RR], 1.32; 95% CI = 1.12–1.55), probable anxiety (RR = 1.42; 95% CI, 1.23–1.65), worry about COVID-19 (RR, 1.37; 95% CI,1.17–1.61), perceived stress (highest vs lowest quartile: RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.18–1.81), and loneliness (RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.08–1.61) were each associated with post–COVID-19 conditions (1403 cases) in generalized estimating equation models adjusted for sociodemographicfactors, health behaviors, and comorbidities. Participants with 2 or more types of distress prior to infection were at nearly 50% increased risk for post–COVID-19 conditions (RR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.23–1.80). All types of distress were associated with increased risk of daily life impairment (783 cases) among individuals with post–COVID-19 conditions (RR range, 1.15–1.51)	Probable depression, RR, 1.39 [95% CI, 1.19–1.63] and probable anxiety, RR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.27–1.70] p < 0,001 for both: increased risk of post–COVID-19 conditions Participants with more types of distress (meaning depression, anxiety, worried, perceived stress, loneliness) were at higher risk of developing post–COVID-19 conditions (≥ 2 types vs none, RR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.28–1.86) All COVID-19 symptoms, except for persistent cough and smell or taste problems, were more prevalent in participants with vs without each type of distress Individuals with distress at baseline reported a greater number of symptoms of post–COVID-19 condition (eg, probable depression,mean [SD] symptoms = 3.4 [2.1]; no depression, mean [SD] symptoms = 2.5 [1.7]). Symptoms of depression, symptoms of anxiety, worry, and perceived stress at baseline were associated with a 25% to 51% increased risk of having symptoms that interfered with activities occasionally to always Smoking (former and active): no significant result (confidence interval includes 1)	Not researched	Very worried about COVID-19, RR, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.22–1.68] and highest quartile of perceived stress, RR, 1.50 [95% CI, 1.21–1.86] p < 0,001 for both: increased risk of post–COVID-19 conditions	7/9
3	Grisanti and al., 2022 [37]	Clustering analysis on the most common neurological symptoms returned two well-separated and well-balanced clusters: long-COVID type 1 contains the subjects with memory disturbances, psychological impairment, headache, anosmia and ageusia, while long-COVID type 2 contains all the subjects with reported symptoms related to PNS involvement. The analysis of potential risk-factors among the demographic, clinical presentation, COVID 19 severity and hospitalization course variables showed that the number of comorbidities at onset, the BMI, the number of COVID-19 symptoms, the number of non-neurological complications and a more severe course of the acute infection were all, on average, higher for the cluster of subjects with reported symptoms related to PNS involvement	No statistical analysis performed for association with Covid long	Not researched	Not researched	8/9
4	Garjani and al., 2022 [38]	Of the 7,977 patients with MS who participated in the UKMSR COVID-19 study, 599 reported COVID-19 and prospectively updated their recovery status. Twenty-eight hospitalized participants were excluded. At least 165 participants (29.7%) had long-standing COVID-19symptoms for ≥ 4 weeks and 69 (12.4%) for ≥ 12 weeks. Participants with pre–COVID-19 web-EDSS scores ≥ 7, participants with probable anxiety and/or depression (HADS scores ≥ 11) before COVID-19 onset, and women were less likely to report recovery from COVID-19	Anxiety and/or depression before COVID-19 onset were less likely to report recovery from COVID-19 (aHR 0.708, 95% CI 0.533–0.941) p < 0.05	Not researched	Not researched	7/9
5	Craparo and al., 2022 [39]	Five classes were identified: Brain fog (31.82%), No symptoms (20.95%), Sensory disorders (18.77%), Breath impairment(17.59%), and Multiple disorders (10.87%). Women reported post-COVID-19 respiratory symptoms and multiple disorders to a greater extent than men. Hospitalized subjects were morelikely to report persistent symptoms after COVID-19 than asymptomatic or home-treated subjects. Antagonism, hyperarousal, and difficulty identifying emotions significantly predicted post COVID-19 symptoms	Regarding personality traits, antagonism was found to be a significant risk factor for Brain fog (OR = 0.64,p = 0.01), Breath impairment (OR = 0.65,p = 0.04), and Sensory disorders (OR = 0.66, p = 0.03) classes Difficulty in identifying emotions: risk factor for the Multiple disorders (OR = 3.87,p < 0.001), Breath impairment (OR = 3.17,p < 0.001), and Brain fog (OR = 2.05,p < 0.001) classes	Not researched	Hyperarousal was a strong predictor of Brain fog (OR = 2.54,p < 0.001), Breath impairment (OR = 2.33,p = 0.01), and Sensory disorders (OR = 2.16,p = 0.01) classes	5/10
6	Tene and al., 2022 [40]	Between March 2020, and March 2021, a total of 180,759 COVID-19 patients (mean [SD] age = 32.9 years [19.0 years]; 89,665 [49.6%] females) were identified. Overall, 14,088 (7.8%) individuals developed long COVID (mean [SD] age = 40.0 years [19.0 years]; 52.4% females). Among them, 1477(10.5%) were definite long COVID and 12,611(89.5%) were defined as probable long COVID. Long COVID was associated with age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.058 per year, 95% CI: 1.053–1.063), female sex (AOR = 1.138; 95% CI: 1.098–1.180), smoking (AOR = 1.532; 95% CI: 1.358–1.727), and symptomatic acute phase (AOR = 1.178; 95% CI: 1.133–1.224), primarily muscle pain and cough. Hypertension was an important risk factor for long COVID among younger adults. Compared with patients with non-long COVID, definite and probable cases were associated with AORs of 2.47 (2.22–2.75) and 1.76 (1.68–1.84) for post-COVID hospitalization, respectively. Although among patients with non-long COVID HCCs decreased from $1400 during 4 months before the infection to $1021 and among patients with long COVID, HCCs increased from $2435 to $2810	Smoking: increased risk (AOR = 1.532; 95% CI:1.358–1.727)	Not researched	Not researched	8/9
7	De Oliveira and al., 2022 [41]	Of 439 participants, most (84%) reported at least one long COVID symptom, at a median of 138 days (interquartile range [IQR] 90–201) after disease onset. Fatigue (63.1%), dyspnea (53.7%), arthralgia (56.1%), and depression/anxiety (55.1%) were the most prevalent symptoms. In multivariate analysis, dysgeusia (odds ratio [OR] 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–3.4 4, P < 0.001) and intensive care unit (ICU) admission (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.19–6.56, P = 0.03) were independently associated with long COVID. Fifty percent of patients reported a worsened clinical condition and quality of life	No statistical analysis performed for association with Covid long	Not researched	Not researched	6/10
8	Ohira and al., 2022 [42]	A total of 90 patients with a mean age of 39.8 years were confirmed as having long COVID. The median time between diagnosis of COVID-19 and visiting our clinic was 66.8 days, and 89 patients (98.9%) were unvaccinated. Depression was the most common comorbidity (nine patients, 10.0%). The most common chief complaint was disturbance of smell and/or taste (35, 38.9%), followed by memory disturbance (22, 24.4%) and fatigue (29, 31.1%). Head MRI was performed for 42 (46.7%) patients, and the most common finding was sinusitis (four patients). Olfactory testing was conducted in 25 patients (27.8%) using a T&T olfactometer, and 14 patients (56%) had mild olfactory impairment. Of the five odors in the T &T, recognition of β-phenylethyl alcohol was most impaired	The most common comorbidity with long COVID was depression (nine patients, 10.0%, 95% CI 4.6–17.6). Eight patients (8.9%, 95% CI 3.0–14.7) had a psychiatric disease rather than depression	Not researched	Not researched	7/10
9	Bai and al., 2022 [43]	A total of 377 patients were enrolled in the study. The median time from symtpom onset to virological clerance was 44 (37–53) days. A diagnosis of long COVID syndrome was made in 260/377(69%) patients. The most common reported symptoms were fatigue (149/377, 39.5%), exertional dyspnoea (109/377, 28.9%), musculoskeletal pain (80/377, 21.2%) and “brain fog”(76/377, 20.2%). Anxiety symptoms were ascertained in 71/377 (18.8%) individuals, whereas 40/377 (10.6%) patients presented symptoms of depression. Post-traumatic stress disorder (defined by a pathological IES-R score) was diagnosed in one-third of patients (85/275, 31%). Female gender was independently associated with long COVID syndrome at multivariable analysis (AOR 3.3 vs. males, 95% CI 1.8–6.2, p < 0.0001). Advanced age (adjusted (A)OR 1.03 for 10 years older, 95% CI 1.01–1.05, p 0.01) and active smoking (AOR 0.19 for former smokers vs. active smokers, 95% CI 0.06–0.62, p 0.002) were also associated with a higher risk of long COVID, while no association was found between severity of disease and long COVID (AOR 0.67 for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)/non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV)/orotrachealintubation (OTI) vs. no 02 therapy, 95% CI 0.29–1.55, p 0.85)	Active smoking (AOR 0.19 for former smokers vs. active smokers, 95% CI 0.06–0.62, p = 0.002): associated with a higher risk of long Covid	Not researched	Not researched	6/9
10	Daitch and al., 2022 [44]	Older adults were more likely to be symptomatic,with the most common symptoms being fatigue (38%) and dyspnea (30%); they were more likely to complain of cough and arthralgia and have abnormal chest imaging and pulmonary function tests.Independent risk factors for long-COVID fatigue and dyspnea included female gender, obesity, and closer proximity to COVID-19 diagnosis; older age was not an independent predictor	No significant results in multivariate analysis	Not researched	Not researched	7/10
11	Afroze and al., 2022 [45]	362 participants were enrolled in the study; the median time from the onset of COVID-19 to enrolment was 57 days (IQR 41, 82). At enrolment, after adjusting for potential confounders, the HS more often had one or moresymptoms, peripheral neuropathy (PN), depression and anxiety disorder, poor quality of life, dyspnea, tachycardia,restrictive lung disease on spirometry, anemia, proteinuria, and need for insulin therapy than the non-hospitalized group (95% CI > 1 for all). Although most of these findings decreased significantly over time in HS, PN increased in both groups. The incidence of diabetes was 9.8/1000 person-month, and the new requirement ofinsulin therapy was higher (aOR, 6.71; 95% CI, 2.87, 15.67) among HS than the NHS. Older age, being female, comorbidity, cigarette smoking, hospitalization, and contact with COVID-19 cases were independently associated with PCS	Cigarette smoking: independent risk factor for neurological findings (peripheral neuropathy, anosmia, absent/impaired taste, tremor). (OR 1.69 95% CI 1.05–2.73)	Not researched	Not researched	7/9
12	Vásconez-González and al., 2023 [46]	Overall, 247 (54.1%) responders claimed to have long-term symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Most of these symptoms were reported by non-pregnant women (94.0%). The most common Long-COVID symptoms in pregnant women were fatigue (10.6%), hair loss (9.6%), and difficulty concentrating (6.2%). We found that pregnant women who smoked had a higher risk of suffering fatigue	Smoking: The most reported symptom was fatigue with 135 cases (6.7%) within pregnant women and (93.3%) within non-pregnant women (OR 1.430, CI95% 0.426–4.79). However, when all symptoms were studied, no statistically significant differences between Long-COVID symptoms in smokers and non-smokers were found No statistically significant differences were found taking alcohol consumption as a risk factor	Not researched	Not researched	5/10
13	Frontera and al., 2022 [47]	Of 790 COVID-19 patients who survived hospitalization, 451(57%) completed 6-month (N = 383) and/or 12-month (N = 242) follow-up, and 77/451 (17%) died between discharge and 12-month follow-up. Significant life stressors were reported in 121/239 (51%) at 12-months. In multivariable analyses, life stressors including financial insecurity, food insecurity, death of a close contact and new disability were the strongest independent predictors of worse mRS, Barthel Index, depression, fatigue, and sleep scores, and prolonged symptoms, with adjusted odds ratios ranging from 2.5 to 20.8. Other predictors of poor outcome included older age (associated with worse mRS, Barthel, t-MoCA, depression scores), baseline disability (associated with worse mRS, fatigue, Barthel scores), female sex (associated with worse Barthel, anxiety scores) and index COVID-19 severity (asso-ciated with worse Barthel index, prolonged symptoms)	Pre-COVID history of psychiatric disease were associated with worse mRS and Barthel scores at 6 months: OR 1.94 95% CI (1.03–3.66) P = 0.040 and OR 95% CI 2.23 (1.07–4.64) P = 0.032 respectively	Not researched	Not researched	6/9
14	Shukla and al., 2023 [48]	Mean age of the 679 eligible participants was 31.49 ± 9.54 years. The overall prevalence of COVID sequelaewas 30.34%, with fatigue (11.5%) being the most common followed by insomnia (8.5%), difficulty in breathingduring activity (6%) and pain in joints (5%). The odds of having any sequelae were significantly higher amongparticipants who had moderate to severe COVID-19 (OR 6.51; 95% CI 3.46–12.23) and lower among males (OR 0.55;95% CI 0.39–0.76). Besides these, other predictors for having sequelae were age (≥ 45 years), presence of any comorbidity (especially hypertension and asthma), category of HCW (non-doctors vs doctors) and hospitalisation due to COVID-19	Smoking or alcohol intake did not significantly increase the odds of having sequelae	Not researched	Not researched	6/10
15	Jacobs and al., 2023 [49]	After adjustment of the models for age, BMI, gender, race, and smoking, the following pre-existing conditions were statistically significantly associated with the development of PASC: asthma (OR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.10–2.15); chronic constipation (OR = 4.29; 95% CI = 1.15–16.00); reflux (OR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.01–2.34); rheumatoid arthritis (OR = 3.69; 95%CI = 1.15–11.82); seasonal allergies (OR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.22–1.98); and depression/anxiety (OR = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.17–2.52). When grouping conditions together, statistically significant associations with PASC were observed for respiratory (OR = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.06–2.14); gastrointestinal (OR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.16–2.26), and autoimmune conditions (OR = 4.38; 95% CI = 1.59–12.06). After adjustment for severity of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and depression/anxiety, seasonal allergies (OR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.15–1.91) and autoimmune disease (OR = 3.78; 95% CI—1.31–10.91) remained significantly associated with risk for PASC	Depression/anxiety: associated with the developpement of PACS (OR = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.17–2.52)	Not researched	Not researched	7/9
16	Knight and al., 2022 [50]	Of those receiving the survey, 437 adult patients with different degrees of severity of COVID-19 illness responded:77% were between 3 and 6 months from the onset of infection. In total, 34.9% had persistent symptoms, and 11.5% werehospitalized. The most common symptom was fatigue (75.9%), followed by poor sleep quality (60.3%), anosmia (56.8%), dys-geusia (55%), and dyspnea (54.6%). Predicting factors for PASC were female sex and a negative psychological impact of thedisease. Age, hospitalization, persistent symptoms, psychological impact (e.g., anxiety and depression), and time missed from work were significantly associated with perception of having severe COVID-19 illness. Hospitalization was not significantly associated with PASC	Not researched	Not researched	The association between negative psychological impact was significant: 52.3% for patients with persistent symptoms and 24.5% for patients without persistent symptoms(P < 0.001)	5/10
17	Sansone and al., 2022 [51]	At first follow up (median time of 49 days since COVID-19 diagnosis)symptoms more frequently reported were fatigue (80.2%), shortness of breath (69.6%), concentrationdeficit (44.9%), headache (44.9%), myalgia (44.1%), arthralgia (43.3%), and anosmia (42.1%). Atsecond follow-up (median time of 15 months since COVID-19 diagnosis) 75% patients returned to their baseline status preceding COVID-19. At first follow up males were less likely to experienceneurological(OR = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.08; 0.35)as well as psychiatric (OR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.23; 0.80) symptoms as compared to females. At first follow up, the risk of neurological symptoms increased alsolinearly with age (OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.01; 1.08) and pre-existing depression was a major risk factor forpersisting dysautonomic (aOR = 6.35;95% CI: 2.01; 20.11) as well as psychiatric symptoms (omittedestimate). Consistently, at second follow up only females experience psychiatric symptoms, whereasmales exhibited significantly higher mean WAI (RC = 0.50;95% CI: 0.11; 0.88). Additionally, neurological symptoms at second follow up were more likely in patients with pre-existing comorbidities (OR = 4.31; 95% CI: 1.27; 14.7). Finally, persistence of symptoms lasting 200 + days since COVID-19 diagnosis increased linearly with age (OR = 1.03;95% CI 1.01–1.05) and were more likely in patients affected by pre-existing depression (OR = 2.68;95% CI 1.60; 4.49)	1) All subjects affected by pre-existing depression complained dysautonomic symptoms (defined as a condition including fatigue, confusion, insomnia, or concentration deficits) 2) Major risk factors for long covid psychiatric symptoms was depression (aOR = 6.35; 95% CI: 2.01; 20.11 3) Duration of symptoms 200 + days increased with pre-existing depression syndrome (aOR = 2.68; 95% CI: 1.60; 4.49) 4) No significant results for smoking	Not researched	Not researched	9/9
18	Yavuz and al., 2022 [52]	Four hundred patients were included in this study, an average of 108 + 5.12 days had passed after the onset of COVID-19. The rate of post-COVID-19 neurological involvement was 73.3%, and the top 3 most common symptoms were headache (47%), myalgia (43%), and sleep disturbance (39%). Having depression (OR: 4.54, 95% Cl:1.88–10.96), female gender (OR:2.18, 95% Cl:1.36–3.49), hospitalization (OR: 2.01, 95% Cl:103–3.64), and usage of favipiravir (OR:2.07 95 Cl:1.15–3.72) were determined as independent predictors of developing prolonged neurological symptoms	Patients with depression were higher in the PNS (Prolonged Neurological Symptom group than without PNS group (p < 0.001). However, the rate of smokers was lower in the PNS group than without PNS group (p = 0.047) Univariate analysis: not smoking increase the risk of PNS (OR 1,93, 95% CI 1,116–3,22, p = 0,016) Multivariate analysis: Presence of depression was determined as independent predictor of prolonged neurological symptoms after the infection (OR 4.54, 95% CI 1.88–10.96, p = 0.001)	Not researched	Not researched	7/10
19	Gutiérrez-Canales and al., 2022 [53]	We included 206 outpatients in the study. A total of 73.3% patients had persistence of one or more symptoms. The most frequentpersistent symptoms were fatigue (36.9%), anxiety (26.2%), and headache (24.8%). No statisticallysignificant difference in the SF-36 QoL scores and the frequency of persistent COVID-19 symptomswas found when comparing the5 and > 5 months groups, except for myalgia, which was lessfrequently observed in the > 5 months group after COVID-19 (26.2% vs. 14.1%,p < 0.038). Femalegender was associated with an increased risk of persistence of symptoms (OR = 2.95, 95% CI 1.56–5.57).Having comorbidities/sequelae attributed to COVID-19 and persistence of COVID-19 symptoms wereassociated risk factors for poor physical component summary (PCS); on the other hand, female gender,anxiety, and depression were associated with poor mental component summary (MCS)	Smoking was observed in higher proportion of the asymptomatic group (20.5% vs. 38.2%, OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.21–0.82,p = 0.012)	Not researched	Not researched	7/9
20	Hastie and al., 2022 [54]	Of the 31,486 symptomatic infections,1,856 (6%) had not recovered and 13,350 (42%) only partially. No recovery was associated with hospitalized infection, age, female sex, deprivation, respiratory disease, depression and multimorbidity. Previous symptomatic infection was associated with poorer quality of life, impairment across all daily activities and 24 persistent symptoms including breathlessness (OR 3.43, 95% CI 3.29–3.58), palpitations (OR 2.51, OR2.36–2.66), chest pain (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.96–2.23), and confusion (OR 2.92,95% CI 2.78–3.07). Asymptomatic infection was not associated with adverse outcomes. Vaccination was associated with reduced risk of seven symptoms	Lack of complete recovery was associated with pre-existing depression/anxiety (OR 2.29, 95% CI 2.06- 2.55 for no recovery and OR 1.66, 95% 95% 1.58- 1.55 for partially recovery)	Not researched	Not researched	8/9
21	Fleischer and al., 2022 [55]	Patients were predominantly female, middle-aged, and had incurred mostly mild-to-moderate acute COVID-19. The most frequent post-COVID-19 complaints included fatigue, difficulties in concentration, and memory deficits. In most patients (85.8%), in-depth neurological assessment yielded no pathological findings. In 97.7% of the cases, either no diagnosis other than post COVID-19 syndrome, or no diagnosis likely related to preceding acute COVID-19 could be established. Sensory or motor complaints were more often associated with a neurological diagnosis other than post-COVID-19 syndrome. Previous psychiatric conditions were identified as a risk factor for developing post-COVID-19 syndrome. We found high somatization scores in our patient group that correlated with cognitive deficits and the extent of fatigue	Patients with a psychiatric history were more likely to report psychiatric symptoms (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.47–8.32, p < 0.01), fatigue (OR 2.43, 95% CI 95 1.11–5.82, p < 0.05), or difficulty concentrating (OR 2.58, 95% CI1.01–6.19, p < 0.05) A subgroup analysis of patients with a psychiatric history (n = 33) showed significantly higher total fatigue scores (110.2 ± 27.4 vs. 79.8 ± 38.0, p < 0.01) compared with patients without a psychiatric history Patients with psychiatric comorbidities had a higher risk of somatization compared with patients without a history of psychiatric disorders (PHQ15⁷ score 14.0 ± 5.5 vs.11.3 ± 5.5,p < 0.05)	Not researched	Not researched	7/9
22	Margalit and al., 2022 [56]	A total of 141 individuals were included. The mean age was 47 (SD: 13) years; 115 (82%) were recovering from mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Mean time for evaluation was 8 months following COVID-19. Sixty-six (47%) individuals were classified with significant long-COVID fatigue. They had a significantly higher number of children, lower proportion of hypothyroidism, higher proportion of sore throat during acute illness, higher proportions of long-COVID symptoms, and of physical limitation in daily activities. Individuals with long-COVID fatigue also had poorer sleep quality and higher degree of depression. They had significantly lower heart rate [153.52 (22.64) vs 163.52 (18.53);P =.038] and oxygen consumption per kilogram [27.69 (7.52) vs 30.71 (7.52);P =.036] at peak exercise. The 2 independent risk factors for fatigue identified in multivariable analysis were peak exercise heart rate (OR:.79 per 10 beats/minute; 95% CI:.65–.96;P =.019) and long-COVID memory impairment (OR: 3.76; 95% CI: 1.57–9.01;P =.003)	No significant difference between long covid fatigue and no fatigue in term of proportion of smoking, use of cannabis and alcohol (p > 0,05) No analysis for association was done	Not researched	Not researched	8/9
23	Gasnier and al., 2022 [57]	One hundred and fifteen (65%) patients had at least one long COVID complaint. The number of long COVID complaints was associated with psychiatric symptoms. The number of long COVID complaints was higher in patients with psychiatric disorders (mean (m) (SD) = 2.47 (1.30), p < 0.05), new-onset psychiatric disorders (m (SD) = 2.41 (1.32), p < 0.05) and significant suicide risk (m (SD) = 2.67 (1.32), p < 0.05) than in patients without any psychiatric disorder (m (SD) = 1.43 (1.48)). Respiratory complaints were associated with a higher risk of psychiatric disorder and new-onset psychiatric disorder, and cognitive complaints were associated with a higher risk of psychiatric disorder	No statistical analysis with psychiatric history alone	Not researched	Not researched	7/10
24	Loosen and al., 2022 [58]	Of the 50,402 COVID-19 patients included into this analysis, 1,708 (3.4%) were diagnosed with LCS. In a multi-variate regression analysis, we identified lipid metabolism disorders (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.28–1.65, p < 0.001) and obesity (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08–1.44, p = 0.003) as strong risk factors for the development of LCS. Besides these metabolic factors, patients’ age between 46 and 60 years (compared to age ≤ 30, (OR 1.81 95% CI 1.54–2.13, p < 0.001), female sex (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.20–1.47, p < 0.001) as well as pre-existing asthma (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.39–2.00, p < 0.001) and depression (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09–1.47, p = < 0.002) in women, and cancer (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.09–1.95, p = < 0.012) in men were associated with an increased likelihood of developing LCS	Depression (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.07–1.37, p = 0.002) turned out as risk factors for the development of LCS	Not researched	Not researched	9/10
25	Buonsenso and al., 2022 [59]	The mean age was 46.48 years (SD 7.302); 76 participants were males (49.7%), and 33 participants reported being current smokers (21.3%). Overall, 19.0% of patients reported notfeeling fully recovered at follow-up, and 13.7% reported a change in their job status after COVID-19.A change in occupational status was associated with being a smoker (OR 4.106, CI [1.406–11.990], p = 0.010);hospital stay was associated with age > 46 years in a statistically significant way (p = 0.025)and with not feeling fully recovered at follow-up (p = 0.003). A persistent worsening in anxiety wasmore common in women (p = 0.028)	No significant results between long covid subject in term of smoking and alcohol using (p > 0,05)	Not researched	Not researched	7/9
26	Lhuillier and al., 2022 [60]	Analyses revealed that COVID-19 severity was associated with age, Black race, obstructive airway disease (OAD), as well as withworse self-reported depressive symptoms. Similarly, post-acute COVID-19 sequelae was associatedwith initial analysis for COVID-19 severity, upper respiratory disease (URD), gastroesophageal refluxdisease (GERD), OAD, heart disease, and higher depressive symptoms	Bivariate analysis: Depressive symptom were significantly associated with post-acute COVID-19 respiratory sequelae (FDR-p < 0,001) Multivariable-adjusted risk ratios: No significant result (p > 0,05 and confidence interval includes 1)	Not researched	Not researched	7/9
27	Tleyjeh and al., 2022 [61]	Out of the 9507 COVID-19 patients who responded to the survey, 5946 (62.5%) of them adequately completed it. 2895 patients (48.7%) were aged 35–44 years, 64.4% were males, and 91.5% were Middle Eastern or North African. 79.4% experienced unresolved symptoms for at least 4 weeks after the disease onset. 9.3% were hospitalized with 42.7% visiting healthcare facility after discharge and 14.3% requiring readmission. The rates of main reported persistent symptoms in descending order were fatigue 53.5%, muscle and body ache 38.2%, loss of smell 35.0%, joint pain 30.5%, and loss of taste 29.1%. There was moderate correlation between the number of symptoms at the onset and post-four weeks of COVID-19 infection. Female sex, pre-existing comorbidities, increased number of baseline symptoms, longer hospital- stay, and hospital readmission were predictors of delayed return to baseline health state (p < 0.05)	Previous smoker: negative predictors of return to baseline health status (OR 1.23 95% CI 1.05–1.45 p = 0.012) Current smoker: No significant result (p > 0,05 and confidence interval includes 1)	Not researched	Not researched	9/10
28	Kidwai and al., 2022 [62]	A total of 84 patients were enrolled which had suffered from COVID out of which 51 (60.7%) had post–COVID symptoms, with fatigability 40 (48%), muscle pain 16 (19%), inability to continue the normal chores 12(14%), dry cough 11 (13%), breathlessness 10 (12%), sleep disturbance and brain fog or difficulty in concentration 11 (13%), and hair loss 9 (11%) being the common complaints. There was no positive or negative relationship between the severity of COVID infection and the presence of the post–COVID syndrome	Depression: no significant results (confidence interval includes 1)	Not researched	Not researched	5/10
29	Magdy and al., 2021 [63]	The frequency of depression, moderate and severe COVID-19 cases, disease duration and serum ferritin were significantly higher in the cases with post-COVID-19 pain than controls. Binary logistic regressionrevealed that depression, azithromycin use, moderate and severe COVID-19 increased the odds of post-COVID-19 pain by 4.462, 5.444, 4.901, and 6.276 times, respectively. Cases with post-COVID-19 pain had significantly higher NFL (11.3469.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.42–14.25) than control group (7.6465.40, 95% CI: 6.02–9.27), (P value = 0.029). Patients with allodynia had significantly higher NFL (14.96612.41, 95% CI: 8.58–21.35) compared to those without (9.1466.99, 95% CI: 6.43–11.85) (P value = 0.05)	The frequency of depression was significantly higher in cases with post-COVID-19 pain in comparison to the control group (P values = 0.027) Depression increase the odd of post-COVID-19 pain by 4.462 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.073–18.553) There was no significant effect of smoking and drug abuse on the occurrence of post-COVID-19 pain	Not researched	Not researched	8/9
30	Abdelhafiz and al., 2022 [64]	Three hundred and ninety-six participants filled in the survey. The meanage of participants was 41.4 years. Most participants had mild to moderate COVID-19 (81.31%).The prevalence of post-COVID-19 symptoms was 87.63%, where the most frequent symptom was fatigue (60.86%).Female sex, the presence of comorbidities, lower degree of education, longer disease duration, as well as severe and critical forms of the disease were significantly associated with the presence of post-COVID symptoms. Using regression analysis, the predictors of post-COVID symptoms were severe and critical forms of the disease and intake of antibiotics and corticosteroids for treatment of COVID-19	Smoking: no significant result for association (p > 0,05 and confidence interval include 1)	Not researched	Not researched	5/10
31	Ghoshal and al., 2021 [65]	At 1 and 3 months, 16 (5.7%), 16 (5.7%), 11 (3.9%), and 24 (8.6%), 6 (2.1%), 9(3.2%) of COVID-19 patients developed CBD, dyspeptic symptoms, and their overlap,respectively; among healthy controls, none developed dyspeptic symptoms and one developed CBD at 3 months (P < 0.05). At 6 months, 15 (5.3%), 6 (2.1%), and 5(1.8%) of the 280 COVID-19 patients developed IBS, UD, and IBS-UD overlap,respectively, and one healthy control developed IBS at 6 months (P < 0.05 for all exceptIBS-UD overlap). The risk factors for post-COVID-19 FGIDs at 6 months included symptoms (particularly GI), anosmia, ageusia, and presence of CBD, dyspeptic symptoms,or their overlap at 1 and 3 months and the psychological comorbidity	No significant result in terms of proportion of addiction between post-COVID-19 FGID and no FIDG (p = 0.55)	Not researched	Not researched	8/9
32	Peter and al., 2022 [66]	The symptom clusters fatigue (37.2% (4213/11312), 95% confidence interval 36.4% to 38.1%) and neurocognitive impairment (31.3% (3561/11361), 30.5% to 32.2%) contributed most to reduced health recovery and working capacity, but chest symptoms, anxiety/depression, headache/dizziness, and pain syndromes were also prevalent and relevant for working capacity, with some differences according to sex and age. Considering new symptoms with at least moderate impairment of daily life and ≤ 80% recovered general health or working capacity, the overall estimate for post-covid syndrome was 28.5% (3289/11536, 27.7% to 29.3%) among participants or at least 6.5% (3289/50457) in the infected adult population (assuming that all non-responders had completely recovered). The true value is likely to be between these estimates	Mental pre-existing disorders were associated with occurrence of reporting any symptom and with many different symptom cluster Smoking (particularly current smoker status) also seemed to be risk factors for several symptom cluster	Not researched	Not researched	7/10
33	Alkwai and al., 2022 [67]	Three months or more after a COVID-19 diagnosis, almost half of the respondents, 109 (51.2%), had residual symptoms. The five most prevalent persistent symptoms were fatigue (13.6%), altered sense of smell (12.7%), muscle aches (10.3%), headache (9.9%), and body aches (8.5%). When questioned regarding the return to baseline health, 152 (71.4%) answered in the affirmative. The total number of chronic medical conditions was determined as a statistically significant predictor for the delayed return to the usual state of health	No significant difference between the two groups in terms of proportion of depression, anxiety and other psychiatric disorders (p > 0.05)	Not researched	Not researched	8/10
34	Colizzi and al., 2022 [68]	A total of 479 patients (female,52.6%) were followed-up for 12 months after COVID-19 onset. Of them, 47.2% were still presenting with at least one symptom. While most symptoms subsided as compared to COVID-19 onset (all p < 0.001), a significant increase was observed only for symptoms of psychiatric disorders (10.2%) and lack of concentration and focus (20%; all p < 0.001). Patients presenting with symptoms related to multiple body systems 12 months after contracting COVID-19 (all p ≤ 0.034) were more likely to suffer from mental health domain-related symptoms at follow-up. Also,a higher risk of presenting with lack of concentration and focus 12 months post infection was found in those suffering of psychiatric symptoms at COVID-19 onset (p = 0.005)	Not researched	Presence of mental health domain-related (OR = 2.09, 95%CI = 1.25–3.49, p = 0.005) symptoms at onset increased the risk of developing lack of concentration and focus one year after contracting COVID-19	Not researched	6/9
35	Martinez and al., 2021 [69]	Persistent symptoms at 3 and 12 months were reported by 26.5% and 13.5% of participants, respectively. Most commonly reported symptoms were fatigue, im-paired sense of taste or smell and general weakness. A history of depression or state of exhaustion, pre-existing lung disease and older age were associated with persisting symptoms	History of depression or state of exhaustion: associated with symptom persistence for more than 90 days (OR 4.16, 95% CI 1.64–10.56, p = 0.003)	Not researched	Not researched	6/9
36	Uygur and al., 2021 [70]	Significant fatigue was detected in 56.4% (155) of participants. Female gender, history of psychiatric illness, history of psychiatric drug use, and current psychiatric drug use were significantly higher in the fatigued group than in the non-fatigued group (p < 0.01). In addition, the fatigued group showed significantly higher scores on all domains of the FAS and DASS-21 scales than the nonfatigued group (p < 0.01). Female gender and a high DASS-21 total score were predictors of post-COVID-19 fatigue	Significant differences (all p <.001) between the two groups in terms of gender, history of psychiatric disease, history of psychiatric drug use, and current psychiatric drug use: higher proportions in the post-Covid fatigue group	Not researched	Not researched	7/10