Table 2.

Application scenarios and recommended detection technologies

Clinical needs	Preferred technology	Auxiliary technology	Examples of target biomarkers
Initial screening of drug resistance mechanisms	NGS (tissue/ctDNA)	FISH/IHC	KRAS secondary mutation, RTK amplification, co-mutation (KEAP1/TP53)
Low-frequency mutation tracking	ddPCR (ctDNA)	Single-cell sequencing	KRAS subclone, MET amplification
Evaluation of the activation status of the pathway	IHC	Phosphoproteomics	PI3K-AKT-mTOR, RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK
Microenvironment analysis	mIF	Spatial transcriptomics	PD-L1/CD8 co-localization
Dynamic efficacy evaluation	ctDNA(NGS + ddPCR)	Radiomics	Frequency of KRAS mutation alleles, novel variants