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. 2025 Feb 22;12(5):811–820. doi: 10.1093/nop/npaf029

Table 1.

Cohort 1: patient demographics

Variable Total (%)
N = 1925
Frontier (%)
N = 60
Rural (%)
N = 363
Urban (%)
N = 1502
P-value
Sex, male 1108 (57.6) 33 (55.0) 221 (60.9) 854 (56.9) .671
Race .459b
 American Indian/Alaska Native <11 0 <11 <11
 Asian 17 (0.9) 0 <11 16 (1.1)
 Pacific Islander 11 (0.6) <11 <11 <11
 Black <11 0 <11 <11
 White 1878 (97.6) 59 (98.3) 356 (98.1) 1463 (97.4)
 More than one race <11 0 0 <11
 Not listed <11 0 <11 <11
Ethnicity .675
 Non-Hispanic 1799 (93.5) 56 (93.3) 343 (94.5) 1400 (93.2)
Age at diagnosis (SD) 54.9 (19.7) 56.8 (20.3) 57.3 (17.6) 54.2 (20.2) .019
Marital status .119b
 Single, never married 310 (16.1) 11 (18.3) 43 (11.8) 256 (17.0)
 Married 1295 (67.3) 41 (68.3) 257 (70.8) 997 (66.4)
 Single, previously married 291 (15.1) <11 54 (14.9) 230 (15.3)
 Not listed 29 (1.5) <11 <11 19 (1.3)
Insurance status .036 b
 Uninsured 85 (4.4) <11 15 (4.1) 65 (4.3)
 Insurance, NOS 63 (3.3) <11 17 (4.7) 45 (3.0)
 Private insurance 844 (43.8) 20 (33.3) 134 (36.9) 690 (45.9)
 Medicare and Medicaid 766 (39.8) 26 (43.3) 160 (44.1) 580 (38.6)
 Other government program 49 (2.5) <11 11 (3.0) 35 (2.3)
 Not listed 118 (6.1) <11 26 (7.2) 87 (5.8)
Poverty indicator a <.001 b
<5% 571 (29.7) <11 58 (16.0) 512 (34.1)
 5%-10% 616 (32.0) 19 (31.7) 114 (31.4) 483 (32.2)
 10%-20% 486 (25.2) 37 (61.7) 137 (37.7) 312 (20.8)
>20% 168 (8.7) <11 38 (10.5) 129 (8.6)
Distance to hospital, mi <.001
 First facility (SD) 20.7 (38.5) 95.9 ± 69.7 50.0 ± 66.5 10.7 ± 11.3

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; NOS, not otherwise specified.

Bold values are significant.

Percentages of total number of patients within each population classification unless otherwise specified. Categorical variables compared with chi-square test. Continuous variables compared with ANOVA test. Categories with less than 11 patients are not explicitly listed to protect from possible patient identification.

aPercentage of a patient’s community who live at or below the poverty line.

bCategorical variables compared with Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test.