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. 2025 Feb 22;12(5):811–820. doi: 10.1093/nop/npaf029

Table 2.

Cohort 1: effect of population density on high-grade glioma characteristics and treatment

Variable Total (%)
N = 1925
Frontier (%)
N = 60
Rural (%)
N = 363
Urban (%)
N = 1502
P-value
Diagnosis .004 a
 Glioma malignant, NOS 202 (10.5) 11 (18.3) 23 (6.3) 168 (11.2)
 Astrocytoma, anaplastic 203 (10.5) <11 27 (7.4) 172 (11.5)
 Glioblastoma 1436 (74.6) 43 (71.7) 297 (81.2) 1096 (73.0)
 Oligodendroglioma, anaplastic 84 (4.4) <11 16 (4.4) 66 (4.4)
Treatment
 Surgery only 278 (14.4) <11 61 (16.8) 208 (13.8) .334a
 Surgery with adjuvant treatment 1108 (57.6) 33 (55.0) 212 (58.4) 863 (57.5) .872
 Non-surgical treatment only 244 (11.6) <11 36 (10.0) 200 (13.3) .208a
 No treatment 295 (15.3) 10 (16.7) 54 (14.9) 231 (15.4) .931
Treatment time, months
Diagnosis to surgery 0.3 (1.4) 0.5 (0.7) 0.2 (0.6) 0.3 (1.6) .592

Abbreviation: NOS, not otherwise specified.

Bold values are significant.

Percentages given out of total number of patients within each population classification unless otherwise specified. Categorical variables compared with Chi-square test. Continuous variables compared with ANOVA test. Categories with less than 11 patients are not explicitly listed to protect patients from possible identification.

aCategorical variables compared with Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test.