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. 2025 Sep 26;63:101697. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2025.101697

Table 2.

Changes of MMSE scores at observational waves.

Variable Model 1
Model 2
β [95% CI] P value β [95% CI] P value
Event study model Wave2 (Pre COVID-19) 0.047 [−0.120, 0.214] 0.582 −0.036 [−0.195, 0.122] 0.653
Wave3 (Post COVID-19) −0.459 [−0.688, −0.230] <0.001 −0.957 [−1.170, −0.745] <0.001
Age −0.158 [−0.167, −0.149] <0.001 −0.126 [−0.135, −0.117] <0.001
Sex −0.022 [−0.174, 0.129] 0.772 0.009 [−0.131, 0.149] 0.903
Education year 0.293 [0.274, 0.312] <0.001 0.255 [0.236, 0.273] <0.001
DID model Treat 0.007 [−0.239, 0.254] 0.953 −0.029 [−0.258, 0.200] 0.804
Post −0.564 [−0.740, −0.387] <0.001 −0.304 [−0.475, −0.133] <0.001
Treat∗Post −0.462 [−0.763, −0.161] 0.003 −0.818 [−1.090, −0.545] <0.001
Age −0.147 [−0.159, −0.134] <0.001 −0.132 [−0.144, −0.120] <0.001
Sex −0.081 [−0.262, 0.100] 0.381 −0.072 [−0.245, 0.101] 0.412
Education year 0.254 [0.231, 0.278] <0.001 0.241 [0.218, 0.264] <0.001

Model 1 was conducted using entire samples, while Model 2 excluding individuals have deceased before pandemic (March 2022).

DID, difference-in-differences; CI, confidence interval.