Table 8.

Molecular Mechanism of hucMSCs-EVs in Treating Different Diseases in the Urinary System

HucMSCs-EVs Cargo	Target/Signaling	Conditions/Diseases	Actiona	Reference
miR-23a-3p	KLF3, STAT3	DKD	Renal fibrosis↓, inflammation↓	[324]
miR-22-3p	NLRP3	DKD	Inflammatory cytokine↓, protect podocytes	[325]
miR-874-3p	RIPK1/PGAM5	AKI	Mitochondrial fission↓, necroptosis↓	[326]
miR-100-5p	FKBP5, AKT	AKI	Tubular apoptosis↓	[327]
None reported	NLRP3, caspase-1, gasdermin D	AKI	Pyroptosis↓, inflammation↓	[328]
miR-13896	TRAF6/NF-κB	AKI	M2 polarization↑, inflammation↓	[329]
CK1δ, β-TRCP	YAP	Renal fibrosis	Collagen degradation↓	[330]
miR-13474	ADAM17/Notch1/TGF-β/Smad	Renal fibrosis	Fibrosis↓	[331]
miR-146b	IRAK1/NF-κB	AKI	Inflammation↓	[332]
miR-148b-3p	PDK4/ATF-6	AKI	Endoplasmic reticulum stress↓	[334]
None reported	Lamin A/C, p53-p21	Renal aging	Cellular senescence↓	[335]
lncRNA FAM99B	IL-6/STAT3/IL-17	Lupus nephritis	Th1/Th17/Treg balance↑	[336]
miR-375	HDAC4	AKI	Autophagy↑, T cell survival↑	[337]
miR-146a	TRAF6, IRAK1, NF-κB	Urethral stricture	Fibrosis↓	[341]
miR-15a-5p	SEPT2	WT	The proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells↓, apoptosis↑	[342]

Notes: ^a ↑ indicates promotion or upregulation; ↓ indicates inhibition or downregulation. Molecular mechanism of hucMSCs-EVs in treating different diseases in the reproductive system.