. 2025 Sep 11;15:103616. doi: 10.1016/j.mex.2025.103616

Table 3.

Methods used according to the collection of oral and written data.

Method	Explanation
Classroom Observation (Oral Language)	Classroom observation will be conducted with teachers and students for 40 min. 1. Topic Preparation The teacher randomly selects a topic for the lesson to be observed. 2. Recording Equipment Setup The observer ensures that audio recording equipment is ready to capture the interactions between the teacher and students during the session. 3. Coordination with Teacher Discuss with the teacher the time and activities to be observed, as well as the specific aspects to be noted. 4. Informing Students Inform the students that an observation will be conducted, ensuring they are aware but not pressured. 5. Conducting the Observation The observer observes the teacher-student interactions and student engagement, using the audio recording equipment for the 40-minute session. 6. Recording Results Record the language used by the teacher and students, as well as the level of student participation, based on the audio recordings.
Student Examination Paper (Written Language)	This method involves students answering open-ended essay questions provided by the teacher. The aim is to assess vocabulary usage among students. Both the questions and answers will be written in Malay. 1. Theme Selection The teacher selects the theme "School Holiday" for the open-ended essay questions, ensuring it is relevant to students and can be easily adapted to various grade levels. 2. Question Preparation The teacher prepares open-ended essay questions related to the theme "School Holiday," with varying complexity depending on the grade level (e.g., simpler questions for lower grades and more complex ones for higher grades). 3. Instructions to Students The teacher provides clear instructions, emphasizing that the essay must be written in Malay, and explains that the difficulty of the question will match their grade level. 4. Distributing the Questions The teacher distributes the essay questions to the students, ensuring each student receives the correct set of questions for their grade level. 5. Student Response Time Students are given a set amount of time to complete their essays, with the expectation that responses will reflect their grade level in terms of vocabulary and complexity. 6. Collection of Responses Once the essays are completed, the teacher collects the written responses for analysis, ensuring both the questions and answers are in Malay and reflect the appropriate complexity for each grade level.

Method

Explanation

Classroom Observation (Oral Language)

Classroom observation will be conducted with teachers and students for 40 min.
1. Topic Preparation
The teacher randomly selects a topic for the lesson to be observed.
2. Recording Equipment Setup
The observer ensures that audio recording equipment is ready to capture the interactions between the teacher and students during the session.
3. Coordination with Teacher
Discuss with the teacher the time and activities to be observed, as well as the specific aspects to be noted.
4. Informing Students
Inform the students that an observation will be conducted, ensuring they are aware but not pressured.
5. Conducting the Observation
The observer observes the teacher-student interactions and student engagement, using the audio recording equipment for the 40-minute session.
6. Recording Results
Record the language used by the teacher and students, as well as the level of student participation, based on the audio recordings.

Student Examination Paper (Written Language)

This method involves students answering open-ended essay questions provided by the teacher. The aim is to assess vocabulary usage among students. Both the questions and answers will be written in Malay.
1. Theme Selection
The teacher selects the theme "School Holiday" for the open-ended essay questions, ensuring it is relevant to students and can be easily adapted to various grade levels.
2. Question Preparation
The teacher prepares open-ended essay questions related to the theme "School Holiday," with varying complexity depending on the grade level (e.g., simpler questions for lower grades and more complex ones for higher grades).
3. Instructions to Students
The teacher provides clear instructions, emphasizing that the essay must be written in Malay, and explains that the difficulty of the question will match their grade level.
4. Distributing the Questions
The teacher distributes the essay questions to the students, ensuring each student receives the correct set of questions for their grade level.
5. Student Response Time
Students are given a set amount of time to complete their essays, with the expectation that responses will reflect their grade level in terms of vocabulary and complexity.
6. Collection of Responses
Once the essays are completed, the teacher collects the written responses for analysis, ensuring both the questions and answers are in Malay and reflect the appropriate complexity for each grade level.