Table 2.
SOAS-RA severity points, mean SOAS total score, and standard deviations, mean VAS scores, standard deviations (n = 302)
| SOAS-RA Severity Total Scorea | SOAS-RA Points Assignedb | VAS Severity Score | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOAS-RA columns: | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| 1. Provocation | n | |||
| No understandable provocation | 112 | 11.1 (4.5) | 1 | 46.9 (26.9) |
| Had to wait | 23 | 9.9 (4.5) | 0 | 42.5 (25.4) |
| Was denied something | 41 | 11.2 (5.0) | 0 | 47.6 (26.6) |
| Disagreed with the assessment | 93 | 11.45 (5.1) | 0 | 39.4 (22.8) |
| Involuntary assessment of health status | 67 | 11.8 (5.1) | 2 | 39.1 (22.2) |
| Opposed transport | 79 | 11.9 (5.0) | 2 | 39.7 (21.6) |
| 2. Means Used by Aggressor | ||||
| Verbal aggression | 195 | 11.2 (4.8) | 0 | 41.2 (24.7) |
| Threat of violence | 118 | 11.3 (4.8) | 1 | 45.8 (26.7) |
| Threat of harm | 129 | 11.7 (4.7) | 1 | 47.2 (26.7) |
| Threat of killing | 55 | 11.4 (5.2) | 1 | 47.6 (28.3) |
| Threat of a sexual nature | 16 | 12.3 (3.7) | 1 | 39.5 (25.0) |
| Body-part hand | 165 | 11.8 (4.8) | 2 | 42.2 (25.7) |
| Body-part foot | 77 | 13.2 (4.7) | 2 | 52.1 (24.4) |
| Body-part head | 27 | 14.9 (4.2) | 2 | 53.3 (9.2) |
| Body-part spitting | 47 | 13.3 (4.6) | 2 | 51.8 (24.9) |
| Objects/furniture/equipment | 59 | 11.8 (4.9) | 1 | 47.4 (28.3) |
| Attempted strangulation | 4 | 16.5 (4.0) | 3 | 52.5 (46.3) |
| Used/had a weapon | 19 | 13.1 (4.9) | 3 | 54.3 (33.4) |
| Other dangerous objects, including syringe | 12 | 12.1 (4.4) | 3 | 47.1 (22.1) |
| 3. Target of Aggression/Victim | ||||
| Nothing/nobody | 12 | 6.6 (4.9) | 0 | 40.9 (27.9) |
| The patient themselves/self-harm | 47 | 12.5 (5.0) | 3 | 47.2 (28.3) |
| Items/furniture/equipment | 81 | 12.8 (4.6) | 1 | 48.7 (25.1) |
| Doctor | 41 | 11.1 (4.6) | 3 | 44.5(22.9) |
| Ambulance crew | 236 | 11.1 (4.6) | 3 | 41.7 (24.7) |
| Police | 84 | 12.9 (4.8) | 3 | 53.4 (24.5) |
| 4. Consequence(s) for Victim(s) | ||||
| None | 134 | 7.4 (3.4) | 0 | 30.0 (21.3) |
| Object(s) damaged | 32 | 13.4 (3.9) | 3 | 58.3(24.8) |
| Object(s) destroyed | 24 | 13.9 (3.3) | 3 | 63.9 (18.5) |
| Psychological/emotional stress | 87 | 13.6 (3.8) | 4 | 53.9 (24.9) |
| Felt their own safety threatened | 103 | 13.3 (3.2) | 6 | 54.2 (25.2) |
| Physical pain | 43 | 17.1 (2.8) | 9 | 54.8 (24.9) |
| Visible injury | 22 | 18.1 (2.2) | 9 | 56.7 (25.4) |
| Need for medical treatment/first aid | 12 | 16.7 (2.5) | 9 | 59.6 (21.4) |
| Need to be taken off duty | 8 | 17.1 (2.9) | 9 | 33.4 (29.5) |
| 5. Measure(s) to Stop Aggression | ||||
| None | 10 | 8.4 (2.7) | 0 | 15.0 (14.6) |
| Talked to the person | 223 | 10.5 (4.7) | 0 | 40.0 (24.7) |
| Took the person aside | 22 | 11.1 (4.6) | 0 | 45.9 (21.9) |
| Withdrew from the situation | 120 | 10.7 (4.1) | 0 | 45.7 (24.8) |
| Complied with the person’s request | 19 | 9.6 (4.1) | 0 | 47.7 (26.1) |
| Restraint | 81 | 15.3 (4.3) | 4 | 47.7 (24.9) |
| Medication | 14 | 12.7 (4.8) | 2 | 72.5 (16.7) |
| Took the person to the vehicle by force | 43 | 14.8 (4.2) | 4 | 51.1 (22.2) |
| Allowed the patient to leave the ambulance | 13 | 10.3 (4.9) | 4 | 54.1 (30.2) |
aMean SOAS-RA total score: This represents the average total score for all incidents in which this category was reported. Even if a category has a low assigned score, the mean total score may be high because these incidents often involve other severe factors (e.g., physical violence or significant consequences for the victim)
bAssigned SOAS-RA points: These are the predefined scores assigned to each variable in the SOAS-RA scale. They represent the fixed weighting of the severity of an incident within each category