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. 2025 Oct 11;23:661. doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03720-4

Table 2.

Univariate and multivariate COX regression analysis of prognostic factors associated with OS

Varibles Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis
HR (95% CI) p-vable HR (95% CI) p-vable
Sex (female vs. male) 1.097 (0.763–1.578) 0.616
Age (years) (≥ 60 vs. < 60) 1.117 (0.789–1.581) 0.534
Tumor size (cm) (≥ 4 vs. < 4) 2.498 (1.751–3.563)  < 0.001 1.527 (1.042–2.236) 0.030
Depth of invasion (T2 + T3 vs. T1 + T2) 4.126 (2.470–6.892) < 0.001 1.982 (0.870–4.514) 0.103
Lymph node metastasis (N1 + N2 + N3 vs. N0) 2.081 (1.343–3.225) 0.001 0.856 (0.316–2.317) 0.760
TNM stage (III + IV vs. I + II) 3.028 (2.014–4.551) < 0.001 1.686 (0.539–5.278) 0.370
PDLIM4 (high/Low) 2.794 (1.934–4.037) < 0.001 2.241 (1.543–3.254) < 0.001