Table 1. Baseline clinical characteristics.

Characteristic	Overall (n = 421)	No STAS or VPI (n = 225)	STAS+ only (n = 63)	VPI+ only (n = 99)	STAS+ and VPI+ (n = 34)	p-Value
Age (years)	68 ± 9	68 ± 9	66 ± 9	69 ± 9	68 ± 11	0.408
Female gender	245 (58%)	140 (62%)	37 (59%)	48 (48%)	20 (59%)	0.148
Race						0.676
Caucasian	404 (96%)	216 (96%)	58 (92%)	96 (97%)	34 (100%)
Black	11 (3%)	6 (3%)	3 (5%)	2 (2%)	0 (0%)
Hispanic	11 (3%)	5 (2%)	2 (3%)	1 (1%)	2 (6%)
Asian	5 (1%)	2 (1%)	2 (3%)	1 (1%)	0 (0%)
Unknown/other	2 (0%)	2 (1%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
BMI >30	129 (31%)	73 (32%)	26 (41%)	19 (19%)	11 (29%)	0.020
Smoking history						0.191
Never	76 (18%)	37 (16%)	17 (27%)	17 (17%)	5 (14%)
Current	112 (27%)	59 (26%)	10 (16%)	33 (33%)	10 (29%)
Former	233 (55%)	129 (57%)	36 (57%)	49 (50%)	19 (56%)
Pack-year history	41 ± 26	39 ± 24	41 ± 23	41 ± 26	57 ± 42	0.016
Hypertension	280 (67%)	147 (65%)	47 (75%)	66 (67%)	20 (59%)	0.379
Coronary artery disease	83 (20%)	46 (20%)	9 (14%)	19 (19%)	9 (26%)	0.461
Congestive heart failure	8 (2%)	4 (2%)	3 (5%)	1 (1%)	0 (0%)	0.276
Cerebrovascular disease	47 (11%)	22 (10%)	12 (19%)	10 (10%)	3 (9%)	0.196
Diabetes mellitus	71 (17%)	36 (16%)	10 (16%)	16 (16%)	9 (26%)	0.487
Pulmonary hypertension	18 (4%)	12 (5%)	3 (5%)	3 (3%)	0 (0%)	0.467
COPD	155 (37%)	77 (34%)	18 (29%)	39 (39%)	21 (62%)	0.008
Interstitial fibrosis	9 (2%)	2 (1%)	2 (3%)	4 (4%)	1 (3%)	0.282
Prior cardiothoracic surgery	34 (8%)	19 (8%)	4 (6%)	6 (6%)	5 (15%)	0.416
Pulmonary function tests
FEV1 (predicted %)	88 ± 19	88 ± 18	92% ± 17	86% ± 22	87% ± 18	0.232
DLCO (predicted %)	77 ± 20	77 ± 20	86% ± 17	74% ± 20	78% ± 18	0.005

Bold values are significant as they are <0.05.

STAS: tumor spread through air spaces; VPI: visceral pleural invasion; BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; DLCO: diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide