Table 2. Clinicopathologic features and operative characteristics.
| Characteristic | Overall (n = 421) |
No STAS or VPI (n = XX) |
STAS+ only (n = 63) |
VPI+ only (n = 99) |
STAS+ and VPI+ (n = 34) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Histology | 0.283 | |||||
| Adenocarcinoma | 342 (81%) | 172 (76%) | 58 (92%) | 82 (83%) | 30 (88%) | |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 72 (17%) | 47 (21%) | 5 (8%) | 16 (16%) | 4 (12%) | |
| Large cell carcinoma | 3 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Other | 3 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Predominant histologic subtype | <0.001 | |||||
| Lepidic | 37 (9%) | 31 (19%) | 4 (7%) | 2 (2%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Acinar | 205 (49%) | 101 (62%) | 32 (56%) | 54 (66%) | 18 (60%) | |
| Papillary | 15 (4%) | 7 (4%) | 6 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (7%) | |
| Solid | 37 (9%) | 16 (10%) | 5 (9%) | 11 (13%) | 5 (17%) | |
| Micropapillary | 7 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 3 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | |
| Mucinous | 32 (8%) | 6 (4%) | 7 (12%) | 15 (18%) | 4 (13%) | |
| Grade | <0.001 | |||||
| Well differentiated | 42 (10%) | 37 (17%) | 4 (6%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Moderately differentiated | 170 (40%) | 100 (45%) | 27 (44%) | 34 (34%) | 9 (26%) | |
| Poorly differentiated | 204 (48%) | 84 (38%) | 31 (50%) | 64 (65%) | 25 (74%) | |
| Tumor size (cm) | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 3.3 ± 2.3 | <0.001 |
| Margin distance (cm) | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 2.8 ± 1.9 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 2.5 ± 1.9 | 2.8 ± 1.5 | 0.653 |
| Lymphovascular invasion | 146 (35%) | 50 (22%) | 23 (37%) | 51 (53%) | 22 (65%) | <0.001 |
| Pathologic stage | <0.001 | |||||
| Stage I | 302 (72%) | 182 (81%) | 46 (73%) | 61 (62%) | 13 (38%) | |
| Stage IIA | 11 (3%) | 5 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 5 (5%) | 1 (3%) | |
| Stage IIB | 69 (16%) | 26 (12%) | 9 (14%) | 19 (19%) | 15 (44%) | |
| Stage IIIA | 39 (7%) | 8 (4%) | 7 (11%) | 10 (10%) | 4 (12%) | |
| Stage IIIB | 5 (1%) | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (4%) | 1 (3%) | |
| PDL-1 status | 0.107 | |||||
| <1% | 72 (17%) | 41 (18%) | 12 (19%) | 10 (10%) | 9 (26%) | |
| 1%–50% | 106 (25%) | 45 (20%) | 18 (29%) | 33 (33%) | 10 (29%) | |
| >50% | 34 (8%) | 17 (8%) | 5 (8%) | 8 (8%) | 4 (12%) | |
| Unknown | 209 (50%) | 122 (54%) | 28 (44%) | 48 (48%) | 11 (32%) | |
| Neoadjuvant therapy | 15 (4%) | 8 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 4 (4%) | 1 (3%) | 0.988 |
| Operation | 0.688 | |||||
| Wedge resection | 29 (7%) | 16 (7%) | 5 (8%) | 7 (7%) | 1 (3%) | |
| Segmentectomy | 74 (18%) | 45 (20%) | 8 (13%) | 17 (17%) | 4 (12%) | |
| Lobectomy | 318 (76%) | 164 (73%) | 50 (79%) | 75 (76%) | 29 (85%) |
Bold values are significant as they are <0.05.
STAS: tumor spread through air spaces; VPI: visceral pleural invasion; PD-L1: programmed death ligand 1