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. 2025 Oct 14;15:35926. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-19710-3

Table 3.

Area 2 controllers optimal gains (T-G-S).

Sl. No Controller Area-2 subjected to 10% SLP
K3 K4 Kp2 Ki2 Kd2 Kd22 ʎ2 µ2
1 GA:PID 4.9969 3.7001 2.8817 ….
2 CSOA:PID …. 0.011 0.7595 0.012 ….
3 CSOA:PIDD 9.997 9.999 3.5215 4.199 ……
4 CSOA:FOPID 22.5133 17.5362 29.97 − 0.658 0.997
5 CSOA:FOPID + PFC 12.6848 28.9854 12.6848 29.6402 29.98 …. − 0.657 0.992
6 CSOA:FOPID + PFC with EV and ESU 12.8468 28.4589 12.8486 29.2046 29.79 − 0.658 0.989