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. 2025 Oct 14;15:35926. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-19710-3

Table 4.

System dynamic specs with CSOA: FOPID + PFC with EV and ESU.

Controller Parameter Overshoot (Osh) Undershoot (Ush) Settling Time (Ts) Overshoot (Osh) Undershoot (Ush) Settling Time (Ts) Overshoot (Osh) Undershoot (Ush) Settling Time (Ts)
PT BT CV
GA:PID ∆ F1 0.0015 − 0.0703 3.695 0.0024 − 0.0705 4.975 0.0027 − 0.0771 5.025
∆ F2 0 − 0.0253 6.174 0 − 0.0235 5.038 0 − 0.0257 5.218
∆Ptie 0.0003 − 0.0095 10.573 0.0002 − 0.0097 7.687 0.0002 − 0.0107 7.795
CSOA:PID ∆ F1 0.0019 − 0.0645 3.557 0.0024 − 0.0646 4.43 0.0027 − 0.071 4.539
∆ F2 0 − 0.0216 5.008 0 − 0.0202 4.53 0 − 0.0221 4.59
∆Ptie 0.0002 − 0.0081 6.505 0.0002 − 0.0082 6.574 0.0002 − 0.009 6.308
CSOA:PIDD ∆ F1 0.0029 − 0.0437 2.951 0.0029 − 0.0437 3.357 0.0034 − 0.0482 3.775
∆ F2 0 − 0.0094 4.081 0 − 0.0089 4.161 0 − 0.0097 4.379
∆Ptie 0.0002 − 0.0038 5.097 0.0002 − 0.0038 5.422 0.0002 − 0.0042 5.747
CSOA:FOPID ∆ F1 0.0089 − 0.0282 1.414 0.0089 − 0.0282 3.12 0.0099 − 0.0304 3.269
∆ F2 0 − 0.0045 2.517 0 − 0.0044 2.257 0 − 0.0048 2.327
∆Ptie 0 − 0.0014 2.142 0 − 0.0014 2.497 0 − 0.0016 2.556
CSOA:FOPID + PFC ∆ F1 0.006 − 0.0211 1.235 0.0063 − 0.0211 1.275 0.0069 − 0.0232 1.543
∆ F2 0 − 0.0033 2.427 0 − 0.0032 2.128 0 − 0.0035 2.148
∆Ptie 0 − 0.0011 2.063 0 − 0.0011 2.349 0 − 0.0012 2.388
CSOA:FOPID + PFC with EV and ESU ∆ F1 0.0053 − 0.0179 0.878 0.0052 − 0.0187 1.037 0.0059 − 0.0195 1.126
∆ F2 0 − 0.0023 2.228 0 − 0.0021 2.006 0 − 0.0024 2.018
∆Ptie 0 − 0.0007 1.827 0 − 0.0007 1.945 0 − 0.0008 2.191