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. 2025 Oct 14;15:35832. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-19712-1

Table 7.

Comparative analysis of AI-SET versus Existing methods.

Feature / metric Cloud-based IDS Centralized FL Edge IDS FL for privacy preservation Context-aware access control in fog/edge Blockchain with edge AI AI-SET (Proposed)
Anomaly detection accuracy (%) 88.4 89.7 90.8 90.2 89.5 91.1 94.3
Privacy preservation Partial local FL Partial (context-aware) blockchain-based with DP + HE
Model convergence (Rounds) 50 +  40 35 35 N/A 33 28
Unauthorized access blocked (%) N/A N/A 68 N/A 72 78 87
Latency (ms)  > 500  > 400 200 190 230 160  < 150
Bandwidth usage (MB) 800 700 640 590 620 580 560
Trust-based access control Static policy Dynamic + ML