AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AKT	Protein kinase B
ALS	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ApoE	Apolipoprotein E
APP	amyloid precursor protein
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate
Aβ	amyloid-beta plaques
BBB	Blood–brain barrier
BDNF	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
C9ORF72	Chromosome 9 open reading frame 72
AA	Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
CAG	Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine trinucleotide
CBP	CREB-binding protein
CCL2	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2
CD4 cells	Clusters of differentiation 4
CD8	Clusters of differentiation 8
CNS	Central nervous system
CREB	cAMP-response element binding protein
DMTs	Disease-modifying therapies
DP1	D-type prostanoid receptor 1
EAATs	Excitatory amino acid transporters
EBV	Epstein–Barr virus
FALS	Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
FUS	Fused in sarcoma genes
GDNF	Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
GFAP	Glial fibrillary acidic protein
HLA-DRB1	Human Leucocyte Antigen DR Beta 1
HTT	Huntingtin gene
iPSCs	Induced pluripotent stem cells
IR4.1	Inwardly rectifying potassium channel 4.1
LMNs	Lower motor neurons
LRRK2	Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2
LTD	long-term depression
LTP	long-term potentiation
mHTT	Mutant huntingtin protein
MS	Multiple sclerosis
MSNs	Medium spiny neurons
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
NFTs	neurofibrillary tangles
NMDA	N-methyl-D-aspartate
OPCs	Oligodendrocyte precursor cells
PARK7	Parkinsonism Associated Deglycase
PD	Parkinsons disease
PI3K	Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PolyQ	Polyglutamine
PSEN1	Presenilin-1
PSEN2	Presenilin-2
RNA	Ribonucleic acid
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
sALS	Sporadic ALS
SNCA	Synuclein alpha
sNpc	Substantia nigra pars compacta
SOD1	Superoxide dismutase type 1
TARDBP	Transactive response DNA-binding protein
TDP-43	Transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
UMNs	Upper motor neurons
PS	Ubiquitin-proteasome system
UV	Ultraviolet r