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. 2025 Sep 25;26(19):9351. doi: 10.3390/ijms26199351
BBB Blood–Brain Barrier
BDNF Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
CBD Cannabidiol
Cho Choline
COMT Catechol-O-Methyltransferase
Cr Creatine
CSF Cerebrospinal fluid
DOPAC Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid
GABA Gamma-Amminobutyric Acid
GLP-1 Glucagon-like Peptide-1
Glu Glutamate
Glx Glutamate + Glutamine
1H-MRS Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
H&Y Hoehn and Yahr
HC(s) Health Control(s)
IPD Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease
ITT Intention-to-treat
MAO-B Monoamine Oxidase B
MR Magnetic Resonance
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRS Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic
MRSI Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging
NA Not applicable
NAA N-acetylaspartate
NIH National Institutes of Health
NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate
NR Not Reported
PD Parkinson’s Disease
PDQ-39 The Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire
PET Positron emission tomography imaging
PICO Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome
PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
ROS Reactive oxygen species
SN Substantia Nigra
T Tesla
tCr total Creatine
tNAA total N-acetylaspartate
UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale
VOI Volume of interest