PHAs	Polyhydroxyalkanoates
PLA	Polylactic acid
PGA	Polyglycolic acid
PCL	Polycaprolactone
PBS	Poly (butylene succinate)
PLGA	Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
MWCNT	Multi-walled carbon nanotubes
PVA	Polyvinyl alcohol
IEC	Ion-exchange capacity
IPN	Interpenetrating network
CS or CH or CHT or CSBHD	Chitosan
SSA	Sulfosuccinic acid
PEM	Proton-exchange membrane
CNC	Cellulose nanocrystals
PIL	Protic ionic liquid
RF	Radio Frequency
SEM	Scanning electron microscope
BioPEM	Biopolymer electrolyte membranes
HPMC	Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
EDLC	Electric Double-Layer Capacitors
RGO	Reduced graphene oxide
UT	Ultrasonic transducer
FASC	Flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor
SA	Sodium alginate
GO	Graphene oxide
CV	Cyclic voltammetry
LIF	Laser-induced fluorescence
FPN	4,4′-fluoresceinoxy bisphthalonitrile
LOD	Limit of detection
NCD	N-doped carbon dots
AIEE	Aggregation-induced enhanced emission
MIP	Imprinted chitosan
AA	Ascorbic acid
PEG	Polyethylene glycol
PET	Photo-induced electron transfer
NBU-CD	Fluorescent nanofiber membrane
U-CD	Xylan-derived carbon dots
HEC	Hydroxy ethyl cellulose
QD	Quantum dots
CQD	Carbon quantum dots
BTX	Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene
LDH	Layered double hydroxide
TPU	Polyurethane
AuNC	Gold nanoclusters
AMP	Adenosine 5′-monophosphate
PEDOT:PSS	Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate
ECG	Electrocardiogram
CNT	Carbon nanotube
VOC	Volatile organic compound
Ra	Relative response
GF	Gauge factor
Azo	Azobenzene
CBC	Carboxylated bacterial cellulose
IL	Ionic liquid
MFC	Microfibrillated cellulose
CMCS	Carboxymethyl chitosan
TA	Tannic acid
CMC	Carboxymethyl cellulose
SCIA	Sodium alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose ion actuator
9-AN	9-anthracenecarboxylic acid
THBP	2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone
BPBE	Biopolymer blend electrolyte membranes
κ-Car	κ-Carrageenan
DNH	Double-network hydrogel
AMPS	2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid
FBAM	Flexible biomimetic artificial muscle
SIO	Silk fibroin inverse opal
PDMS	Polydimethylsiloxane
CTE	Coefficient of thermal expansion
PVDF	Polyvinylidene fluoride
CUR	Curcumin
PCLP-CUR	CUR-loaded platelet membrane bioinspired chitosan liposome
BSP	Bletilla striata polysaccharide
DPPH	1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
AgNP	Silver nanoparticles
APTES	3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
PHB	Polyhydroxybutyrate
DMAEMA	Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate
CNF	Chitin nanofibrils
TEER	Transendothelial electrical resistance
SL	Soda lignin
ASL	Acetylated soda lignin
HMK	High molecular weight keratin
ALP	Alkaline phosphatase
MFC-IL	Microfibrillated cellulose-ionic liquid
PHBV	Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid)