1-κB⍺	I kappaB alpha
4-OHT	4-hydroxytamoxifen
5-FU	5-fluorouracil
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
APCs	Antigen-presenting cells
ATF4	Activating transcription factor 4
β-carotene	Beta-carotene
Bax	Bcl-2-associated X protein
Bcl	B-cell lymphoma
Bid	BH3-interacting domain death agonist
Ca2+	Calcium
ccRCC	Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
CDK	Cyclin-dependent kinase
CHOP	C/EBP homologous protein
CML	Chronic myeloid leukaemia
CRC	Colorectal cancer
CRT	Calreticulin
CSCs	Cancer stem cells
CTL	Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
DAMPs	Damage-associated molecular patterns
DC	Dendritic cells
DISC	Death-inducing signalling complex
DNases	Deoxyribonucleases
DR	Death receptor
DX	Doxorubicin
EGFR	Epidermal growth factor receptor
EMT	Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
ER	Endoplasmic reticulum
ER+	Oestrogen receptor–positive
ER−	Oestrogen receptor–negative
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
ESCC	Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
ESM1	Endothelial cell specific molecule 1
FADD	Fas-associated death domain
FASL	Fas ligand
Fe2+	Ferrous iron
FPE	First-pass effect
GC	Gastric cancer
GOT-1	Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1
GPER	G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor
GRP78	Glucose-regulated protein 78
GSDME	Gasdermin E
GTPBP4	Guanosine triphosphate binding protein 4
HCC	Hepatocellular carcinoma
HDAC	Histone deacetylase
HIF-1α	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
HMOX1	Heme oxygenase 1
HNSCC	Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
HPLC	High-performance liquid chromatography
HSCCC	High-speed counter-current chromatography
ICD	Immunogenic cell death
IHC	Immunohistochemistry
IR	Ionising radiation
IV	Intravenous
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
KM	Kunming
KRAS	Kirsten rat sarcoma virus
lncRNAs	Long non-coding RNAs
MAE	Microwave-assisted extraction
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MitoROS	Mitochondrial ROS
MLKL	Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein
MM	Multiple myeloma
MMP	Mitochondrial membrane potential
MMP-2	Matrix metalloproteinase-2
MMP-9	Matrix metalloproteinase-9
MS	Murashige and Skoog
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
NHE1	Sodium–hydrogen exchanger 1
NSCLC	Non-small cell lung cancer
OSCC	Oral squamous cell carcinoma
OXA	Oxaliplatin
PAK1	p21-activated kinase 1
PAMPs	Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PARP	Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
PBMC	Patient peripheral blood mononuclear cell
PCD	Programmed cell death
PDK1	Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1
PFKFB2	6-phosphofruto-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphate
PHD3	Prolyl hydroxylase 3
PKM2	Pyruvate kinase isoform M2
PTEN	Phosphatase and tensin homologue
PUMA	p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis
PYCR1	Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1
rhApo2L/TRAIL	Apo2 ligand/tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
RIPK1	Receptor-interacting protein kinase1
RIPK3	Receptor-interacting protein kinase3
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RT-PCR	Real-time polymerase chain reaction
SC-CO2	Supercritical carbon dioxide
SCLC	Small cell lung cancer
SD	Sprague Dawley
STP	Sarcoma-targeting-peptide
TAM	Tamoxifen
TCM	Traditional Chinese Medicine
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor β
TIME	Tumour immune microenvironment
TLRs	Toll-like receptors
TME	Tumour microenvironment
TNBC	Triple negative breast cancer
TNFα	Tumour necrosis factor-α
TRAP1	Tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1
Tregs	Regulatory T Cells
TrxR1	Thioredoxin reductase 1
UAE	Ultrasonic-assisted extraction
XBP-1	X-box binding protein 1
Zn-SHK-PEG	Zinc-shikonin-polyethylene glycol