Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to LAR quartiles.
| Variable | Overall (n = 1,992) | Q1 (LAR <0.42) (n = 500) | Q2 (0.42 ≤ LAR < 0.64) (n = 496) | Q3 (0.64 ≤ LAR < 1.09) (n = 498) | Q4 (LAR ≥ 1.09) (n = 498) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LAR | 0.64 (0.42, 1.09) | 0.33 (0.27, 0.38) | 0.52 (0.47, 0.58) | 0.80 (0.72, 0.91) | 1.65 (1.26, 2.32) | <0.001 |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (year) | 64 (54, 75) | 62 (51, 74) | 65 (54, 76) | 65 (55, 76) | 64 (54, 74) | 0.017 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.310 | |||||
| Female | 838 (42.07) | 207 (41.40) | 210 (42.34) | 196 (39.36) | 225 (45.18) | |
| Male | 1,154 (57.93) | 293 (58.60) | 286 (57.66) | 302 (60.64) | 273 (54.82) | |
| Race, n (%) | 0.371 | |||||
| Black | 224 (11.24) | 46 (9.20) | 66 (13.31) | 53 (10.64) | 59 (11.85) | |
| Other | 500 (25.10) | 125 (25.00) | 123 (24.80) | 118 (23.69) | 134 (26.91) | |
| White | 1,268 (63.65) | 329 (65.80) | 307 (61.90) | 327 (65.66) | 305 (61.24) | |
| Weight | 80.03 (67.78, 97.60) | 80.79 (69.90, 100.93) | 79.75 (65.98, 98.35) | 81.00 (68.70, 98.10) | 79.78 (66.75, 95.00) | 0.015 |
| Vital signs | ||||||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 95 (81, 111) | 91 (78, 103) | 94 (80, 110) | 96 (80, 112) | 102 (87, 119) | <0.001 |
| SpO2 (%) | 98 (95, 100) | 98 (95, 100) | 97 (94, 100) | 97 (94, 100) | 98 (95, 100) | 0.075 |
| Respiratory rate (times/min) | 20 (16, 25) | 19 (16, 24) | 20 (17, 25) | 21 (17, 25) | 20 (16, 25) | 0.004 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Sepsis | 691 (34.69) | 113 (22.60) | 151 (30.44) | 206 (41.37) | 221 (44.38) | <0.001 |
| AKI | 991 (49.75) | 184 (36.80) | 202 (40.73) | 274 (55.02) | 331 (66.47) | <0.001 |
| Hepatitis | 153 (7.68) | 28 (5.60) | 25 (5.04) | 42 (8.43) | 58 (11.65) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 266 (13.35) | 78 (15.60) | 62 (12.50) | 67 (13.45) | 59 (11.85) | 0.324 |
| Hypertension | 750 (37.65) | 189 (37.80) | 194 (39.11) | 191 (38.35) | 176 (35.34) | 0.639 |
| Malignant cancer | 364 (18.27) | 84 (16.80) | 89 (17.94) | 88 (17.67) | 103 (20.68) | 0.420 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 556 (27.91) | 147 (29.40) | 133 (26.81) | 137 (27.51) | 139 (27.91) | 0.829 |
| Heart failure | 535 (26.86) | 130 (26) | 136 (27.42) | 130 (26.10) | 139 (27.91) | 0.875 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 182 (9.14) | 54 (10.80) | 48 (9.68) | 39 (7.83) | 41 (8.23) | 0.340 |
| Scoring systems | ||||||
| SOFA | 6 (3, 9) | 4 (2, 7) | 5 (3, 7) | 6 (4, 9) | 8 (5, 12) | <0.001 |
| APS III | 50 (38, 67) | 42 (31, 55) | 45 (35, 60) | 52.50 (40, 67) | 64 (48, 83) | <0.001 |
| SAPS II | 39 (30, 50) | 34 (26, 43) | 38 (29, 46.50) | 39 (32, 50) | 48 (37, 59) | <0.001 |
| CCI | 5 (3, 8) | 5 (2, 7) | 5 (3, 8) | 5 (3, 7) | 6 (4, 8) | <0.001 |
| PESI | 123 (106, 141.5) | 116.5 (99, 137) | 122 (108, 141) | 126 (107, 144) | 125 (110, 143) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| WBC (K/μl) | 12.10 (8.30, 17.25) | 10.50 (7.25, 13.80) | 12.30 (8.80, 17.05) | 13.05 (8.80, 18.30) | 13.30 (8.50, 20.70) | <0.001 |
| RBC (K/μl) | 3.47 (2.94, 4.10) | 3.55 (3.01, 4.18) | 3.58 (3.06, 4.14) | 3.42 (2.91, 4.04) | 3.35 (2.83, 4.10) | 0.002 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 10.20 (8.70, 12.20) | 10.35 (8.80, 12.60) | 10.50 (9, 12.10) | 10.15 (8.50, 12.10) | 9.95 (8.50, 11.90) | 0.010 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 31.40 (26.80, 37.10) | 31.60 (27.60, 37.80) | 32.15 (27.95, 36.90) | 30.90 (26.30, 36.70) | 30.70 (25.90, 37) | 0.018 |
| RDW (%) | 15.10 (13.90, 17.20) | 14.60 (13.55, 16.10) | 14.90 (13.80, 17) | 15.50 (14.10, 17.60) | 15.60 (14.20, 17.50) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1 (0.70, 1.60) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.30) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.40) | 1 (0.80, 1.80) | 1.20 (0.80, 1.90) | <0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dl) | 22 (14, 35.50) | 18 (12, 29) | 20 (13, 33) | 24 (15, 42) | 25 (16, 40) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 30 (16, 68) | 24 (14, 43) | 27 (15.50, 55) | 30 (16, 69) | 45 (19, 177) | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 42 (24, 92.50) | 31 (20, 53) | 36 (23, 68.50) | 43 (25, 100) | 80.50 (33, 301) | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 138 (135, 141) | 138 (135, 142) | 138 (135, 141) | 138 (134, 141) | 138 (134, 141) | 0.079 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.10 (3.70, 4.70) | 4.10 (3.70, 4.50) | 4.10 (3.70, 4.50) | 4.10 (3.70, 4.70) | 4.30 (3.80, 4.90) | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 133 (108, 171) | 121.50 (102, 149) | 128 (105.00, 162.50) | 140 (112, 178) | 146 (111, 204) | <0.001 |
| INR | 1.30 (1.20, 1.70) | 1.20 (1.10, 1.40) | 1.30 (1.20, 1.50) | 1.40 (1.20, 1.70) | 1.50 (1.30, 2.00) | <0.001 |
| PT (s) | 14.80 (13.10, 18.10) | 13.80 (12.60, 15.40) | 14.30 (13.00, 16.75) | 15.30 (13.30, 18.50) | 16.90 (14.20, 21.60) | <0.001 |
| PTT (s) | 33.05 (28.10, 45.60) | 31.10 (27.20, 42.40) | 32.50 (27.80, 42.15) | 32.55 (28.40, 43.50) | 36.25 (29.40, 53.10) | <0.001 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.80 (1.20, 2.85) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.20) | 1.50 (1.30, 1.70) | 2.20 (1.90, 2.60) | 4.10 (3.20, 5.90) | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 2.80 (2.40, 3.20) | 3.10 (2.80, 3.50) | 2.80 (2.50, 3.20) | 2.80 (2.40, 3.10) | 2.60 (2.10, 2.90) | <0.001 |
| PCO2 (mmHg) | 41 (35, 48) | 42 (37, 50) | 41 (35, 49) | 41 (35, 47) | 39 (32, 46) | <0.001 |
| PO2 (mmHg) | 84 (48–156) | 93 (58–163) | 88 (50–160) | 78 (45–142) | 72 (43, 161) | <0.001 |
| PH | 7.37 (7.30, 7.42) | 7.39 (7.33, 7.44) | 7.39 (7.33, 7.43) | 7.37 (7.31, 7.42) | 7.33 (7.23, 7.39) | <0.001 |
| Therapies, n (%) | ||||||
| Vasopressor | 1,305 (65.51) | 253 (50.60) | 306 (61.69) | 336 (67.47) | 410 (82.33) | <0.001 |
| Ventilation | 1,757 (88.20) | 440.00 (88.00) | 446.00 (89.92) | 429.00 (86.14) | 442 (88.76) | 0.3080 |
| CRRT | 203 (10.19) | 31 (6.20) | 26 (5.24) | 64 (12.85) | 82 (16.47) | <0.001 |
| Clinical outcomes | ||||||
| Hospital mortality, n (%) | 188 (9.44) | 22 (4.40) | 43 (8.67) | 53 (10.64) | 70 (14.06) | <0.001 |
| ICU mortality, n (%) | 253 (12.70) | 42 (8.40) | 48 (9.68) | 62 (12.45) | 101 (20.28) | <0.001 |
| 30-day mortality, n (%) | 390 (19.58) | 52 (10.40) | 81 (16.33) | 101 (20.28) | 156 (31.33) | <0.001 |
| 60-day mortality, n (%) | 441 (22.14) | 63 (12.60) | 92 (18.55) | 114 (22.89) | 172 (34.54) | <0.001 |
| 90-day mortality, n (%) | 448 (22.49) | 64 (12.80) | 92 (18.55) | 116 (23.29) | 176 (35.34) | <0.001 |
| 365-day mortality, n (%) | 452 (22.69) | 66 (13.20) | 93 (18.75) | 117 (23.49) | 176 (35.34) | <0.001 |
LAR, lactate to albumin ratio; SpO2, oxygen saturation; AKI, acute kidney injury; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; APS III, acute physiology score III; SAPS II, simplified acute physiology score II; CCI, charlson comorbidity index; PESI, pulmonary embolism severity index; WBC, white blood cell; RBC, red blood cell; RDW, red cell distribution width; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; ALT, aspartate aminotransferase; AST, alanine aminotransferase; INR, international normalized ratio; PT, prothrombin time; PTT, partial thromboplastin time; PCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PO2, partial pressure of dioxide; PH, potential of hydrogen; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; ICU, intensive care unit.