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. 2025 Oct 2;13:1664400. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1664400

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Copyright © 2025 Leavens, Wagener, Lambart, Mayo, Brown, Ellerbeck, Billinger, Comfort, Woodward, Sear, Beaman, Cox and Nollen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart detailing a study on e-cigarette use. V1: Baseline assessment, followed by brief advice, low intensity, or high intensity training. Then, a minimum 48-hour washout period leads to V2: Post-intervention assessment. A 12-week randomized trial follows, where the high intensity group receives extra training at weeks 4 and 8. Finally, V3: Week 12 assessment is conducted. — Study flow diagram.