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. 2025 Oct 2;16:1649468. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1649468

Table 2.

seRNA-seq and spatial transcriptomic integration strategies.

Integration strategies Methods Advantages Disadvantages Re
Deconvolution SPOTlight,
CellPhoneDB
High accuracy Does not incorporate capture location information when modeling spatial decomposition (65)
Deconvolution Cottrazm Provide spatial quantitative information on cell composition Highly dependent on the quality and completeness of reference data (66)
Deconvolution CARD More precise High computational complexity (67)
Deconvolution cell2location Absolute quantification, not relative proportion It has a high computational complexity and is extremely time-consuming (68)
Deconvolution cell2location This provides strong and quantifiable evidence of spatial composition. The technical deviation that cannot be completely avoided and lack the standard verification (69)
Deconvolution cell2location Absolute quantification Highly dependent on the quality and matching degree of reference data (70)
Deconvolution RCTD Greatly enhance the detection sensitivity and deconvolution accuracy for target cell types, especially rare subtypes RCTD will force the entire expression signal of each bin to be attributed to a combination of fibroblast subtypes (71)
Deconvolution SPOTlight Higher resolution, capable of revealing cellular interactions the high spatial heterogeneity among samples (72)
Deconvolution SPOTlight
MIA
No external reference data is required It may confuse cell types and states (73)
Deconvolution cell2location It can handle the inherent over-dispersion and technical noise in single-cell and spatial data very well, and the results are more robust and reliable Biological verification is still required (74)
Deconvolution CARD
MISTy
The functions complement each other perfectly, forming an analytical closed loop The accuracy of MISTy analysis is highly dependent on the accuracy of RCTD deconvolution (75)
Deconvolution CARD Hierarchical annotation strategy improves accuracy The recognition ability is limited and it is unable to parse new cell states (76)
Deconvolution SPOTlight,
CellTrek
Through multi-level and multi-angle verification, the conclusion is extremely robust The analysis process is extremely complex and requires extremely high professional knowledge (77)
Mapping Tangram Compatible with capture and image-based ST data Gene expression can be less accurately predicted from histology images if the cells cannot be segmented (59)
Mapping CellTrek Capture the complex nonlinear relationship between gene expression and spatial position The spatial position of cells is predicted by the model rather than directly measured through experiments (78)
Mapping CellTrek Realize spatial mapping at the single-cell level high requirement for data matching degree (79)
Mapping CellTrek true single-cell resolution spatial mapping It is required that the scRNA-seq data and ST data must be derived from highly similar biological backgrounds (80)
Spatially informed ligand–receptor analysis SpaOTsc The majority of cells can be mapped accurately using a small number of genes. gnores the possible time delay associated with cell-to-cell communication (81)