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. 2025 Jun 6;125(11):3259–3272. doi: 10.1007/s00421-025-05820-3

Table 2.

Differences in muscle electrical activity (EMG) in muscular strength and power test among experimental conditions

MPLA MCAF EPLA ECAF ANOVA effects (partial η2)
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Supplement Load Supplement by Day Supplement by Load Supplement by Day by Load
25% 1RM Pectoralis major RMS (μV) 100 ± 59 85 ± 45 85 ± 36 76 ± 32 0.883 (0.004) 0.001 (0.734) 0.373 (0.134) 0.353 (0.162) 0.501 (0.109)
MVC (N) 547 ± 352 452 ± 261 497 ± 154 481 ± 205 0.968 (0.001) 0.001 (0.743) 0.290 (0.184) 0.518 (0.106) 0.822 (0.026)
Triceps brachii RMS (μV) 97 ± 24 86 ± 31 89 ± 38 103 ± 54 0.480 (0.087) 0.001 (0.613) 0.210 (0.247) 0.356 (0.156) 0.749 (0.050)
MVC (N) 535 ± 139 483 ± 175 496 ± 198 680 ± 230 0.566 (0.058) 0.005 (0.500) 0.182 (0.275) 0.302 (0.180) 0.412 (0.121)
Rectus femoris RMS (μV) 64 ± 31 58 ± 34 62 ± 32 63 ± 53 0.572 (0.037) 0.020 (0.300) 0.370 (0.090) 0.181 (0.163) 0.550 (0.066)
MVC (N) 512 ± 284 486 ± 226 532 ± 198 487 ± 276 0.912 (0.001) 0.002 (0.461) 0.430 (0.071) 0.948 (0.005) 0.732 (0.026)
Vastus lateralis RMS (μV) 77 ± 36 78 ± 44 78 ± 33 76 ± 54 0.865 (0.003) 0.046 (0.173) 0.891 (0.002) 0.507 (0.081) 0.402 (0.096)
MVC (N) 449 ± 153 493 ± 179 433 ± 79 418 ± 186 0.301 (0.118) 0.004 (0.379) 0.259 (0.139) 0.807 (0.023) 0.928 (0.004)
50% 1RM Pectoralis major RMS (μV) 120 ± 37 102 ± 53 125 ± 52 112 ± 63
MVC (N) 650 ± 413 557 ± 308 578 ± 180 596 ± 258
Triceps brachii RMS (μV) 114 ± 44 92 ± 25 99 ± 33 112 ± 61
MVC (N) 746 ± 196 697 ± 207 657 ± 168 704 ± 194
Rectus femoris RMS (μV) 76 ± 43 62 ± 32 77 ± 32 80 ± 50
MVC (N) 463 ± 269 484 ± 228 502 ± 261 470 ± 187
Vastus lateralis RMS (μV) 82 ± 26 86 ± 59 85 ± 31 79 ± 39
MVC (N) 389 ± 178 443 ± 276 372 ± 77 378 ± 179
75% 1RM Pectoralis major RMS (μV) 124 ± 102 111 ± 50 120 ± 58 116 ± 67
MVC (N) 671 ± 314 619 ± 328 634 ± 246 637 ± 222
Triceps brachii RMS (μV) 123 ± 35 101 ± 45 113 ± 31 116 ± 50
MVC (N) 636 ± 148 640 ± 225 603 ± 125 708 ± 260
Rectus femoris RMS (μV) 87 ± 49 71 ± 43 84 ± 53 72 ± 40
MVC (N) 502 ± 397 445 ± 241 549 ± 352 421 ± 194
Vastus lateralis RMS (μV) 92 ± 44 89 ± 43 94 ± 29 90 ± 62
MVC (N) 495 ± 195 523 ± 202 457 ± 94 434 ± 169
90% 1RM Pectoralis major RMS (μV) 138 ± 56 121 ± 58 141 ± 39 144 ± 113
MVC (N) 741 ± 449 637 ± 304 721 ± 290 704 ± 259
Triceps brachii RMS (μV) 118 ± 47 107 ± 21 136 ± 48 143 ± 88
MVC (N) 801 ± 195 755 ± 166 751 ± 145 771 ± 225
Rectus femoris RMS (μV) 96 ± 37 80 ± 37 93 ± 42 89 ± 69
MVC (N) 622 ± 415 574 ± 299 631 ± 308 564 ± 275
Vastus lateralis RMS (μV) 93 ± 41 96 ± 29 91 ± 41 87 ± 49
MVC (N) 434 ± 167 469 ± 168 398 ± 154 394 ± 150

Values are means ± SD

RMS root mean square, MVC maximal voluntary contraction, MPLA morning trial ingesting placebo, MCAF morning trial ingesting caffeine, EPLA evening trial ingesting placebo, ECAF evening trial ingesting caffeine

Bold values indicate P< 0.05