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. 2025 Oct 2;16:1642817. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1642817

Figure 1.

Panel of scientific data visualizations related to gene expression analysis. (A) Volcano plot showing gene expression changes with highlighted genes. (B) Heatmap distribution comparing gene expression between control and ADHD groups. (C) Dendrogram for sample clustering. (D) Graphs illustrating scale independence and mean connectivity. (E) Cluster dendrogram displaying module colors from DEG and WGCNA analyses. (F) Heatmap of module-trait relationships with correlation values for different modules. (G) Venn diagram showing overlap between DEGs and WGCNA data.

Identification of candidate genes for ADHD through transcriptomic and network analysis. (A, B) Heatmap and volcano plot of differentially expressed genes between the ADHD group and the control group. Differential expression analysis revealed a total of 382 DEGs. Among these, 187 genes up-regulated and 195 genes down-regulated in ADHD patients. (C) Sample Clustering Dendrogram.presents the hierarchical clustering dendrogram of all samples, illustrating the relationships and groupings among the samples based on their similarities and differences.For the WGCNA, no outlier samples were detected. (D) illustrates the systematic process for selecting the soft threshold (power). (E) illustrates the cluster dendrogram, which depicts the hierarchical clustering results of the data samples. (F) illustrates the module−trait relationships in the context of ADHD. Each row corresponds to one of the identified gene modules, while each column represents a different trait of interest. The color scale reflects the correlation coefficients between the module eigengenes and the traits, with red indicating positive correlations and blue indicating negative correlations. (G) The Venn diagram illustrates the outcome of the gene selection process. The MEblack module, consisting of 339 genes, was identified and selected as key candidate genes. Subsequently, the intersection of these 339 key module genes with the 382 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) resulted in the identification of 31 candidate genes. .