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. 2025 Oct 2;16:1642817. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1642817

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Copyright © 2025 Shao, Lin and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram showing protein interaction networks and gene set enrichment analysis. Panel A displays a network graph with nodes and edges representing proteins like LY86, COA3, and CD180, categorized by functions and types of interactions. Panels B and C present enrichment plots for CD180 and COA3, respectively, indicating KEGG pathways such as acute myeloid leukemia and oxidative phosphorylation, with running enrichment scores plotted against ranked datasets. — Functional networks and pathway enrichment of ADHD biomarkers CD180 and COA3. (A) The interaction network generated by GeneMANIA identifies 20 functionally related genes associated with CD180 and COA3. (B, C) GSEA revealed significant co-enrichment of both biomarkers in pathways associated with "ribosome biogenesis" and "dorso ventral axis formation".