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. 2025 Oct 2;16:1642817. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1642817

Figure 7.

Five visual panels related to gene expression and interaction in ADHD research. Panel A shows box plots comparing gene expression between control (CON) and ADHD groups for four genes: HIVEP1, KIF5B, MECP2, and VPS13B. Panel B depicts a correlation heatmap with values for VPS13B, MECP2, KIF5B, and HIVEP1 associated with CD180 and COA3. Panel C is a Venn diagram illustrating microcosm and targetscan pathways with intersection values. Panel D is a complex gene interaction network involving CD180 and COA3. Panel E contains a simpler network diagram showing connections between COA3, CD180, and various genes.

Molecular mechanisms of ADHD biomarkers CD180 and COA3. (A) illustrates the identification of the top 30 ADHD-related genes using the GeneCards database. Among these genes, HIVEP1, KIF5B, MECP2, and VPS13B were found to exhibit significantly reduced expression levels in ADHD samples compared to controls (P < 0.05). (B) Correlation analysis between ADHD-related genes and biomarkers. HIVEP1 showed the strongest negative correlation with CD180 (cor = -0.5, P < 0.05) and COA3 (cor = -0.5, P < 0.05). (C) miRNA identification via TargetScan and MicroCosm. Venn diagram illustrates the overlap of miRNAs predicted by TargetScan (26 miRNAs) and MicroCosm (54 miRNAs), yielding 76 unique miRNAs after deduplication. Four key miRNAs (highlighted) were prioritized for further analysis. (D) lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network. Based on the predicted 76 miRNAs, 17 lncRNAs, and two biomarkers, a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed. (E) TF-mRNA interaction network. 6 TFs were predicted to target CD180, and 9 TFs targeted COA3, creating a TF-mRNA network. Notably, FOXC1 was identified as a co-target for both CD180 and COA3.