Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants based on hypoglycaemia status
| HAA (Yes) | HAA (No) | P-value | HMA (Yes) | HMA (No) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | N = 220 | N = 1733 | N = 157 | N = 1796 | ||
| PHQ-9 | 5.15 ± 5.10 | 5.35 ± 4.85 | 0.563 | 4.62 ± 4.86 | 5.39 ± 4.87 | 0.061 |
| Age (years) | 64.57 ± 6.84 | 62.58 ± 6.53 | <0.001 | 65.50 ± 6.68 | 62.57 ± 6.54 | <0.001 |
| Duration of T2DM (years) | 14.85 ± 8.48 | 10.55 ± 7.46 | <0.001 | 15.35 ± 8.68 | 10.66 ± 7.50 | <0.001 |
| Gender, male | 103 (46.82) | 675 (38.95) | 0.025 | 72 (45.86) | 706 (39.31) | 0.108 |
| Race, White | 132 (60.00) | 1116 (64.40) | 0.201 | 95 (60.51) | 1153 (64.20) | 0.356 |
| Glucose control strategy | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Standard | 53 (24.09) | 928 (53.55) | 40 (25.48) | 941 (52.39) | ||
| Intensive | 167 (75.91) | 805 (46.45) | 117 (74.52) | 855 (47.61) | ||
| Living alone | 49 (23.27) | 340 (19.79) | 0.387 | 38 (24.20) | 354 (19.71) | 0.178 |
| Education | <0.001 | 0.026 | ||||
| Less than high school | 46 (20.91) | 227 (13.11) | 30 (19.11) | 243 (13.55) | ||
| High-school graduate | 67 (30.45) | 442 (25.53) | 48 (30.57) | 461 (25.70) | ||
| Some college | 65 (29.55) | 575 (33.22) | 50 (31.85) | 590 (32.89) | ||
| College degree or higher | 42 (19.09) | 487 (28.13) | 29 (18.47) | 500 (27.87) | ||
| Current smoker | 24 (10.91) | 231 (13.33) | 0.316 | 21 (13.38) | 234 (13.03) | 0.902 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.72 ± 5.41 | 32.52 ± 5.39 | 0.040 | 31.69 ± 5.66 | 32.49 ± 5.36 | 0.076 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.42 ± 0.97 | 8.26 ± 1.05 | 0.037 | 8.36 ± 0.85 | 8.27 ± 1.06 | 0.298 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 104.73 ± 34.30 | 104.09 ± 33.69 | 0.792 | 101.97 ± 31.37 | 104.35 ± 33.95 | 0.397 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 162.47 ± 107.95 | 192.88 ±143.23 | 0.002 | 157.90 ± 108.22 | 192.20 ± 142.14 | 0.003 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 182.35 ± 41.12 | 182.96 ± 41.03 | 0.837 | 179.31 ± 38.92 | 183.21 ± 41.21 | 0.254 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 137.92 ± 18.20 | 136.09 ± 16.89 | 0.134 | 138.52 ± 17.46 | 136.10 ± 17.00 | 0.089 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72.44 ± 11.65 | 74.68 ± 10.78 | 0.004 | 71.79 ± 11.42 | 74.65 ± 10.83 | 0.002 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 72.61 ± 12.62 | 72.41 ± 11.78 | 0.817 | 72.04 ± 12.24 | 72.47 ± 11.84 | 0.662 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 86.58 ± 30.17 | 92.39 ± 31.23 | 0.009 | 84.46 ± 24.12 | 92.37 ± 31.63 | 0.002 |
| Alcohol consumption per week (times) | 0.70 ± 2.27 | 0.96 ± 2.65 | 0.177 | 0.66 ± 2.10 | 0.95 ± 2.65 | 0.183 |
| Medication | ||||||
| Sulphonylurea | 98 (44.55) | 946 (54.59) | 0.005 | 68 (43.31) | 976 (54.34) | 0.008 |
| Biguanide | 132 (60.00) | 1115 (64.34) | 0.207 | 95 (60.51) | 1152 (64.14) | 0.364 |
| Meglitinide | 4 (1.82%) | 36 (2.08) | 0.798 | 2 (1.27) | 38 (2.12) | 0.475 |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor | 4 (1.82%) | 13 (0.75) | 0.108 | 3 (1.91) | 14 (0.78) | 0.143 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 52 (23.64%) | 404 (23.31) | 0.915 | 35 (22.29) | 421 (23.44) | 0.744 |
| Regular insulin | 41 (18.64%) | 186 (10.73) | <0.001 | 32 (20.38) | 195 (10.86) | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± s.d. and categorical variables as n (%). HAA, hypoglycaemia requiring medical assistance; HMA, hypoglycaemia requiring any assistance; PHQ-9, nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.