. 2025 Jul 31;7(11):101542. doi: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2025.101542

Table 3.

Immunostaining performances of PSMA, Glypican 3, HSP70, and GS alone or in combination for diagnosing HCC in small nodules (≤2 cm).

Markers	Minimum positive markers required	Test cohort (n = 287)					Validation cohort (n = 106)
Markers	Minimum positive markers required	Se	Spe	PPV	NPV	Accuracy	Se	Spe	PPV	NPV	Accuracy
PSMA	1	0.77	0.85	0.75	0.86	0.82	0.92	0.77	0.54	0.97	0.80
Glypican 3	1	0.40	0.98	0.91	0.73	0.76	0.38	0.99	0.90	0.84	0.85
HSP70	1	0.42	0.93	0.78	0.73	0.74	0.67	0.54	0.30	0.85	0.57
GS	1	0.21	0.99	0.96	0.68	0.70	0.33	1	1	0.84	0.85
Glypican 3, HSP70, GS	2	0.30	0.99	0.94	0.70	0.73	0.38	0.99	0.90	0.84	0.85
PSMA, Glypican 3, HSP70, GS	2	0.57	0.99	0.97	0.79	0.83	0.79	0.87	0.63	0.93	0.85

Best performance for each metric is highlighted in bold. GS, glutamine synthetase; HSP70, heat shock protein 70; NPV, negative predictive value; PPV, positive predictive value; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen; Se, sensitivity; Spe, specificity.