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. 2025 Oct 3;13:1677422. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1677422

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Copyright © 2025 Chen, Ma, Mai, Lai, Huang and Alimujiang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic diagram of the differentiation directions of some DMSCs.DPSCs, SHEDs, GMSCs, PDLSCs, ABMSCs, etc., isolated from dental and periodontal tissues, possess the potential to differentiate into adipocytes, endothelial cells, osteoblasts, chondroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and neurons. — Partial sources and differentiation of dental mesenchymal stem cells. DPSCs, Dental pulp stem cells; SHEDs, Stem cells populations from human exfoliated deciduous teeth; GMSCs, Gingival mesenchymal stem cells; PDLSCs, Periodontal ligament stem cells; ABMSCs, Alveolar bone mesenchymal stem cells.