TABLE 4.

Applications of DPSCs in bone tissue repair.

Cell type	Material/scaffold	Experimental model	Experimental subject	Results and conclusions	References
DPSCs	Injectable thermosensitive hybrid hydrogel containing graphene oxide and chitosan	hydrogel	culture medium	It can significantly upregulate the expression of Runx2 and OCN, enhance ALP activity and mineral deposition	Amiryaghoubi et al. (2020)
DPSCs	The combination of DPSC-EVs and three scaffold materials: COL, β-TCP, and HA.	Skull defect	rat	Micro-CT analysis at 4 weeks and histological examination at 16 weeks revealed that the amount of central bone formation was comparable to that in the live cell transplantation group, and no signs of inflammation were detected	Imanishi et al. (2021)
DPSCs	ECM protein network	Skull defect	rat	It can enhance the ability of cell adhesion, migration and proliferation, and promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis	Alksne et al. (2022)

DPSCs, Dental pulp stem cells; OCN, osteocalcin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; EVs, Extracellular vesicles; COL, collagen; β-TCP, β- Tricalcium phosphate; HA, hydroxyapatite; ECM, extracellular matrix.