TABLE 5.

Applications of SHEDs in bone tissue repair.

Cell type	Material/scaffold	Experimental model	Experimental subject	Results and conclusions	References
SHEDs	SHED-CM	Skull defect	mouse	It can significantly increase the volume of new bone, the proportion of mature bone, and vascular density, and is rich in osteogenic and angiogenic factors	Hiraki et al. (2020)
SHEDs	PGH	Skull defect	mouse	The expression of osteogenic genes such as ALP, RUNX2, and OCN was significantly upregulated. The amount of new bone formed within 8 weeks was high, and mature bone and blood vessels grew in synchrony without any inflammatory response	Sattary et al. (2022)
SHEDs	PLGA-10% bioactive glass composite scaffold	Alveolar bone cleft	rat	Within 14 days, the activity of ALP and the expression of RUNX2, OCN and Col1 were significantly increased, mature bone matrix could be formed, and osteocalcin was positive	Kunwong et al. (2021)

SHEDs, Stem cells populations from human exfoliated deciduous teeth; CM, conditioned medium; PGH, Polycaprolactone/gelatin/hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles; PLGA, Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid); ALP, alkaline phosphatase; OCN, osteocalcin.