TABLE 6.

Applications of SCAPs in bone tissue repair.

Cell type	Material/scaffold	Experimental model	Experimental subject	Results and conclusions	References
SCAPs	BBR	Immature teeth with apical periodontitis	rat	μCT results at 3 weeks indicated remarkable root reconstruction. Significantly enhanced expression levels of Runx2, ALP, and Col1α1 were observed, which effectively promoted the formation of mineralized nodules	Cui et al. (2020)
SCAPs	0.2 mg/mL iRoot SP	Osteogenic culture medium	culture medium	It can enhance ALP activity and the ability to form mineralized nodules, significantly up-regulating the mRNA and protein expressions of OCN, OSX, Runx2 and DSPP.	Wu L. et al. (2021)
SCAPs	LLLT combined with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF)	Osteogenic culture medium	culture medium	It can promote the formation of osteogenic nodules, significantly upregulate the expression of genes such as OCN, OPN, MSX1, TGF-β1 and SMAD1, as well as the protein levels of BMP-2 and BMP-4	Ramírez et al. (2024)

SCAPs, Stem cells from apical papilla; BBR, berberin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; iRoot SP, injectable root canal sealer; LLLT, Low-level laser therapy; PRF, Platelet-rich fibrin; OCN, osteocalcin; OPN, osteopontin.