TABLE 7.

Applications of PDLSCs in bone tissue repair.

Cell type	Material/scaffold	Experimental model	Experimental subject	Results and conclusions	References
PDLSCs	GelMA hydrogel	Alveolar bone defect	rat	The bone volume fraction was as high as 67.2% at 8 weeks, with abundant new bone and high ALP activity	Pan et al. (2020)
PDLSCs	MSM	Skull defect	mouse	The expression of genes and proteins such as ALP, OPN, OCN, and Runx2 doubles, which can promote osteogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo and produce bone matrix	Ha and Choung (2020)
PDLSCs	The combination of PDLSCs-Exos and Gel-Alg hydrogel	Alveolar bone defect	rat	It significantly promotes the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, enhances their ALP activity, and can form more new bone	Zhao et al. (2022)

PDLSCs, Periodontal ligament stem cells; GelMA, methacrylated gelatin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; OPN, osteopontin; OCN, osteocalcin; MSM, methylsulfonylmethane; Exos, Exosomes; Gel-Alg, GelMA-Alginate.