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. 2025 Sep 29;86(5):624–654. [Article in Korean] doi: 10.3348/jksr.2025.0058

Fig. 4. Lower extremity measurement.

Fig. 4

A. Schematic overview of measurements performed on long leg radiographs. These are crucial for diagnosing conditions like LLD and genu varus/valgus, especially in the context of total knee replacement surgery and osteoarthritis research.

B. Automatic lower extremity measurements. The DL software provides representative joint alignment index along with CPAK type suggestion.

aHKA = hip–knee–ankle angle (anatomical angle), aLDFA = anatomical lateral distal femoral angle, aLDTA = anatomic lateral distal tibial angle, aMPTA = anatomical medial proximal tibial angle, aTFA = anatomic tibiofemoral angle, CPAK = coronal plane alignment of the knee, DL = deep learning, F = femur length, FA = femoral anatomical axis, FLL = full leg length, FM = femoral mechanical axis, FS–TS = femoral shaft–tibial shaft angle (anatomic angle), HKA = hip–knee–ankle angle (mechanical angle), HKAA = hip–knee–ankle angle (mechanical angle), JLCA = joint line convergence angle, JLO = joint line obliquity, LDFA = lateral distal femoral angle, LLD = leg length discrepancy, mLDFA = mechanical lateral distal femoral angle, mLDTA = mechanical lateral distal tibial angle, mMPTA = mechanical medial proximal tibial angle, MPTA = medial proximal tibial angle, T = tibia length, TA = tibial anatomical axis, TM = tibial mechanical axis