Table 3.

Classification and representative structures of advanced glycation end-products

AGE type	Chemical name	Characteristics	Biological activity
CML	CML	One of the most common AGEs; formed via glycoxidation or lipid peroxidation	RAGE agonist; promotes inflammation and fibrosis
CEL	CEL	Structurally similar to CML; derived from pyruvate and other metabolic intermediates	Associated with insulin resistance
Pentosidine	Crosslink product of reducing sugars with lysine or arginine	Signature structure of AGE crosslinks	Strongly associated with bone fragility and arterial stiffness
MG-H1	MG-H1	Key biomarker of diabetes-related AGE	Promotes apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction

CML: Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine; CEL: Nepsilon-(carboxyethyl)lysine; MG-H1: Methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone 1; AGE: Advanced glycation end product; RAGE: Receptor for advanced glycation end products.