Table 2. Overview of graphene-based nanocomposites: biomimetic activities and their applications across various fields^a.

Nanocomposite	Enzymatic activity	Applications	References
CuS/GO NC	Oxidase and peroxidase	Antibacterial and wound healing	120
rGO–GP	Peroxidase	l-Cysteine detection	68
CoO/N-CS–rGO	Oxidase	Dopamine & uric acid detection	121
Au–rGO	Laccase	Phenolic substrate detection	122
Fe3O4@porous graphene	Peroxidase	Glucose detection	123
Ce-GONRs	Peroxidase and oxidase	Pesticides detection	106
rGO/MWCNT	Peroxidase	Glutathione detection	124
GQD–SPNs	Peroxidase	Photothermal cancer therapy	125
NPGQDs	Peroxidase	Chemodynamic cancer therapy	126
NH2GQDs/o-phenylenediamine	Oxidase	H2O2 & ascorbic acid	127
N, B-LIGzyme	Peroxidase	Anti-bacterial	128
Fe–N-rGO	Peroxidase	H2O2	58
PdNPs/N-PC-rGO	Oxidase, peroxidase, and catalase	Glutathione detection	129
Pt/NG	Peroxidase	Acetylcholinesterase sensing	130
Cu2−xSe/rGO	Peroxidase	Cancer cell detection	131
CuONCs/rGO	Peroxidase	H2O2 & ascorbic acid	132
rGO–CMCS–hemin/Pt@Pd NPs	Peroxidase	Golgi protein	133
PRTM–RhNC@rGO	Uricase	Uric acid & inhibition of urate crystal	134
Fe3O4–NH2/GONRs	Peroxidase and catalase	Sildenafil	135
Ag2S@GO	Oxidase	Hg(ii) sensing	136
Fe3O4@CuO–GO	Peroxidase	Homocysteine	137
GO–DNA–PtNPs	Peroxidase	Hg(ii) sensing	138
GOD–GO/MnO2	Peroxidase	Glucose detection in blood	139
Cu-NS-rGO	Peroxidase	Catalytic activity	140
Cys-GO	Peroxidase	Hg(ii) sensing	141
PtCo@graphene	Oxidase	Antibacterial	142
rGO/MoS2 and Fe3O4NPs	Oxidase and peroxidase	Cancer biomarkers	143
BN-GDY	Peroxidase	Cancer therapy	144
GQD/CoSnO3	Peroxidase	Chemo-sono dynamic cancer therapy	145
Cu3/ND@G	Oxidase	Antibacterial	146
GO/CuFeSx NC	Peroxidase	Antibacterial	147
MoS2/rGO	Oxidase, peroxidase and catalase	Antibacterial	148
Cu/GO SACs	Superoxide dismutase	Treatment of lung injury and anti-inflammatory	149
N-GNMs	Peroxidase	Tumor-specific treatment	150

^aCuS/GO NC – copper sulfide nanozymes anchored to graphene oxide nanosheets; rGO–GP – reduced graphene oxide with Ganoderma polysaccharide; CoO/N-CS–rGO – CoO nanoparticles/N-doped carbon sheets/reduced graphene oxide composites; Au–rGO – gold nanoparticle with reduced graphene oxide; Fe₃O₄@porous graphene – magnetite on porous graphene; Ce-GONRs – cerium nanoparticles with graphene oxide nanoribbons; rGO/MWCNT – reduced graphene oxide multiwalled carbon nanotubes; GQD–SPNs – graphene quantum dots/semiconducting polymer; NPGQDs – N and P codoped graphene quantum dots; NH₂GQDs/o-phenylenediamine – amino-functionalized graphene quantum dots and o-phenylenediamine; N, B-LIGzyme – laser induced N-and B-codoped graphene nanozymes; Fe–N-rGO – iron–N embedded on reduced graphene oxide; PdNPs/N-PC-rGO – PdNPs functionalized N-doped porous C-rGO; Pt/NG – Pt nanoparticle/N-doped graphene; Cu_2−xSe/rGO – Cu_2−xSe nanoparticles on graphene oxide hybrids; CuONCs/rGO – CuO nanocluster supported by reduced graphene oxide; rGO–CMCS–hemin/Pt@Pd NPs – reduced graphene oxide–carboxymethyl chitosan–hemin/platinum@palladium; PRTM–RhNC@rGO – arginine-rich peptide–rhodium nanocluster@reduced graphene oxide composite; Fe₃O₄–NH₂/GONRs – monodispersed spherical composite magnetite on graphene oxide; Ag₂S@GO–silver sulfide on graphene oxide; Fe₃O₄@CuO–GO – Fe₃O₄, CuO, and cucurbit[6]uril on graphene oxide; GO–DNA–PtNPs – graphene oxide@DNA with platinum nanoparticles; GOD–GO/MnO₂ – glucose oxidase-conjugated graphene oxide/MnO₂ nanozymes; BN-GDY – boron and nitrogen codoped graphdiyne; Cu₃/ND@G – Cu₃ cluster stabilized on defect-rich nanodiamond-graphene; Cu/GO SACs – copper@graphene oxide single atom catalyst; N-GNMs – nitrogen-doped graphene nanoparticles.